Crisis Phase (August 28, 1909-October 18, 1910): Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis was overthrown by the dissident military officers on August 28, 1909, and the Military League (ML) took control of the government on August 29, 1909. The ML restored civilian government on March 30, 1910, and Eleutherios Venizelos of the Liberal Party (LP) formed a government as prime minister on October 18, 1910.
Post-Crisis Phase (October 19, 1910-October 4, 1915): The constitution was revised on June 11, 1911. King George I was assassinated on March 18, 1913, and he was succeeded by Crown Prince Constantine. King Constantine I proclaimed Greece’s neutrality at the beginning of World War I. Prime Minister Venizelos resigned on March 6, 1915, and Demetrios Gounaris was appointed as prime minister on March 9, 1915. Eleutherios Venizelos reassumed the leadership of the LP on June 11, 1915. Prime Minister Gounaris resigned on August 17, 1915, and Eleutherios Venizelos formed a government as prime minister on August 18, 1915.
Crisis Phase (October 5, 1915-June 27, 1917): Allied troops landed at Saloniki with the approval of Prime Minister Venizelos on October 5, 1915. Prime Minister Venizelos was forced by King Constantine I to resign on October 5, 1915, and Alexander Zaimas formed a government as prime minister on October 6, 1915. Prime Minister Zaimas resigned on November 4, 1915, and Stephanos Skouloudis formed a government as prime minister on November 5, 1915. Greece mobilized some 200,000 troops near Saloniki. The government again declared its neutrality in World War I on November 8, 1915, but agreed not to interfere with the Allied troops at Saloniki. Britain and France demanded the demobilization of Greek troops near Saloniki. British and French naval ships partially blockaded Greek ports beginning on November 19, 1915, and Greece agreed to withdraw its troops from the Saloniki region in December 1915. Greece mobilized its troops. British and French naval ships partially blockaded Greek ports beginning on June 8, 1916, and the countries demanded the complete demobilization of Greek troops on June 16, 1916. Prime Minister Skouloudis resigned on June 21, 1916, and Alexander Zaimas formed a government as prime minister on June 22, 1916. Prime Minister Zaimas agreed to the complete demobilization of Greek troops. Former Prime Minister Venizelos and Admiral Paul Kondouriottis formed a provisional government in Crete on September 23, 1916, and the provisional government declared war against Germany and Bulgaria on November 23, 1916. The Allied powers demanded the surrender of the Greek navy on October 10, 1916, and the Greek government complied with the demand on October 11, 1916. French troops and Greek troops clashed near Athens on December 2, 1916. Allied naval ships blockaded Greece beginning on December 8, 1916. Britain provided diplomatic assistance (diplomatic recognition) to the government of Eleutherios Venizelos on December 19, 1916. King Constantine I abdicated in favor of his son, Alexander I, on June 12, 1917. Prime Minister Zaimas resigned on June 25, 1917, and Eleutherios Venizelos formed a government as prime minister on June 27, 1917. The Greek government entered the war on the side of the Allied powers on June 27, 1917.
Post-Crisis Phase (June 28, 1917-September 7, 1922): Prime Minister Venizelos survived an attempted assassination on August 12, 1920. King Alexander I died on October 25, 1920, and Admiral Kondouriottis was appointed as regent. Parliamentary elections were held on November 14, 1920, and the LP won 120 out of 370 seats in the National Assembly. Prime Minister Venizelos resigned on November 15, 1920. The Allied Supreme Council (ASC), which consisted of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and the US, issued a warning against the return of King Constantine to the Greek government on December 2, 1920. On December 5, 1920, the Greek government held a plebiscite to decide whether or not to restore former King Constantine to the throne, and King Constantine I was restored to the throne on December 19, 1920. Dimitrios Rallis formed a government as prime minister in December 1920. Prime Minister Gournaris resigned on May 12, 1922, and M. Protopapadakis formed a coalition government as prime minister.
Crisis Phase (September 8, 1922-May 1, 1924): Prime Minister Protopapadakis resigned on September 8, 1922, and the Revolutionary Committee (RC) headed by Colonel Nicholas Plastiras took control of the government. King Constantine I was forced to abdicate on September 27, 1922, and Crown Prince George assumed the throne on September 28, 1922. The RC executed former Prime Ministers Gounaris, Protopapadakis, Stratos and three other individuals on November 28, 1922. King Constantine I died in Palermo, Italy on January 11, 1923. Greece signed the Treaty of Lausanne on July 24, 1923, which provided for Greek renunciation of claims to territory in Asia Minor. Parliamentary elections were held on December 16, 1923, and supporters of former Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos won 200 out of 370 seats in the National Assembly. King George II departed from the country on December 18, 1923. Eleutherios Venizelos formed a government as prime minister on January 11, 1924, but he resigned on February 4, 1924. The National Assembly voted to establish a Greek republic on March 25, 1924, and the vote was confirmed in a plebiscite on April 13, 1924. The Greek Republic was formally proclaimed on May 1, 1924, and Admiral Paul Kondouriottis was appointed as provisional president on May 1, 1924.
Post-Crisis Phase (May 2, 1924-June 24, 1925): Prime Minister Sophoulis resigned on October 1, 1924, and Andreas Mikalapokoulos formed a coalition government as prime minister on October 2, 1924.
Crisis Phase (June 25, 1925-November 26, 1926): Prime Minister Mikalapokoulos was overthrow in a military rebellion led by General Theodore Pangalos on June 25, 1925, and General Pangalos formed a government as prime minister on June 26, 1925. General Pangalos dissolved the National Assembly, and proclaimed a new constitution on September 30, 1925. General Pangalos suspended the 1925 constitution, and established a dictatorship on January 3, 1926. President Kondouriottis resigned on March 19, 1926. General Pangalos was elected president without opposition on April 11, 1926, and he was inaugurated as president on April 18, 1926. President Pangalos was overthrown in a military rebellion led by General George Kondylis on August 22, 1926, and Admiral Kondouriottis was reinstated as president. A new constitution went into effect on September 24, 1926. Parliamentary elections were held on November 7, 1926, and Alexander Zaimas formed a coalition government as prime minister on November 26, 1926.
Post-Crisis Phase (November 27, 1926-February 28, 1935): Eleutherios Venizelos formed a government as prime minister on July 3, 1928, and he dissolved the parliament on July 9, 1928. President Kondouriottis retired on December 10, 1929, and Alexander Zaimas was appointed as provisional president on December 11, 1929. Prime Minister Venizelos resigned on May 21, 1932, but he was re-appointed as prime minister on June 5, 1932. Parliamentary elections were held on September 25, 1932, and the LP won 102 out of 250 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Prime Minister Venizelos resigned on October 30, 1932, and Panyoti Tsaldaris of the Populist Party (PP) formed a government on November 4, 1932. Prime Minister Tsaldaris resigned on January 13, 1933, and Eleutherios Venizelos formed a government as prime minister on January 16, 1933. Parliamentary elections were held on March 5, 1933, and the PP won 131 out of 250 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The LP won 111 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Panyoti Tsaldaris formed a government as prime minister on March 10, 1933. Alexander Zaimas was elected president on October 19, 1934.
Crisis Phase (March 1, 1935-December 2, 1944): General George Kondylis suppressed a rebellion led by General Kamenos in Athens, Macedonia, and Crete on March 1-2, 1935, and Eleutherios Venizelos fled into exile to France (where he died on March 18, 1936). General Kamenos and 20 other individuals were sentenced to death for their involvement in the rebellion. Parliamentary elections were held on June 9, 1935, and the PP won 243 out of 300 seats in the National Assembly. Prime Minister Tsaldaris was overthrown in a military rebellion led by General George Kondylis on October 10, 1935. Greeks voted to restore the monarchy in a plebiscite held on November 3, 1935, and King George II returned from exile in London on November 24, 1935. Parliamentary elections were held on January 26, 1936, and the LP won 127 out of 300 seats in the National Assembly. The PP won 69 seats in the National Assembly. M. Demertzis formed a government as prime minister on March 15, 1936. Prime Minister Demertzis died on April 13, 1936, and General John Metaxas formed a government as prime minister on April 14, 1936. Government police and demonstrators clashed in Salonika on May 9, 1936, resulting in the deaths of 12 individuals. Former Prime Minister Tsaldaris, leader of the PP, died on May 16, 1936. General Metaxas dissolved the parliament and declared martial law on August 4, 1936. The government suppressed a rebellion in Crete on July 29, 1938. Italian troops attacked Greece on October 28, 1940. General Metaxas died in January 1941. German troops attacked Greece on April 6, 1941, and the Greece government surrendered to German and Italian troops on April 23, 1941. German troops withdrew from Athens on October 12, 1944. Government police fired on demonstrators in Athens on December 2, 1944, resulting in the deaths of 20 individuals. Several hundred individuals were killed during the crisis.
Conflict Phase (December 3, 1944-January 15, 1945): The National Liberation Army (NLA) began a communist rebellion against the provisional government on December 3, 1944. Some 75,000 British troops intervened in support of the government beginning on December 4, 1944. Archbishop Damaskinos was appointed as regent on December 30, 1944, and General Nicholas Plastiras became prime minister on January 1, 1945. Representatives of the government and NLA agreed to a ceasefire on January 15, 1945. Some 10,000 individuals were killed during the conflict, including some 250 British soldiers.
Post-Conflict Phase (January 16, 1945-February 11, 1946): The parties signed the Varkiza Agreement on February 12, 1945, which provided for government recognition of the Communist Party of Greece (CPG). Some 13,000 individuals were arrested and held as political prisoners in 1945. On September 19, 1945, Britain, France, and the US agreed to the government’s request to monitor the upcoming parliamentary elections.
Conflict Phase (February 12, 1946-November 4, 1949): Communists led by General Markos Vaphiades resumed the rebellion against the government in northern Greece on February 12, 1946. Parliamentary elections were held on March 31, 1946, and the Populist Party (PP) headed by Constantin Tsaldaris won 191 out of 317 seats in the parliament. Some 20 individuals were killed in election-related violence on March 29-30, 1946. The Allied Missions of Foreign Observers for the Greek Elections (AMFOGE), which consisted of 1,155 observers from Britain (294 observers), France (169 observers), and the US (692 observers), monitored the parliamentary elections from February 25 to April 10, 1946. On April 11, 1946, the AMFOGE mission reported that the elections were “free and fair.” Konstantinos Tsaldaris of the PP formed a government as prime minister on April 18, 1946. The plebiscite on the Greek monarchy was held on September 1, 1946, although the CPG boycotted the elections. Government troops and communist rebels clashed near Deskate on September 21-22, 1946, resulting in the deaths of some 120 rebels. King George II returned to Greece on September 27, 1946. Communist rebels received military assistance from the governments of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania. Greece accused Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania of provided military assistance to the communist rebels. Bulgaria denied the accusation on November 28, 1946. Greece referred the matter to the United Nations (UN) Security Council on December 3, 1946. The UN Security Council established an eleven-member commission of inquiry (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Republic of China, Columbia, France, Poland, Soviet Union, Syria, United Kingdom, and the US) on December 19, 1946. Some 200,000 peasants were relocated from northern Greece to other parts of the country. Demetrios Maximos of the PP formed a coalition government as prime minister on January 27, 1947. On February 21, 1947, Britain informed the US government that it would be unable to continue to provide economic and military assistance to the Greek government after March 31, 1947 (the British government had some 14,000 soldiers and 1,380 military advisors in Greece in 1947). The Greek government formally requested US economic and military assistance on March 3, 1947, and the US government formally approved economic and military assistance to the Greek government on May 22, 1947. The US government provided the Greek government some $500 million in military assistance (equipment, training, and 450 military advisors) beginning on May 24, 1947. The UN commission of inquiry, which was assisted by a staff of twenty-seven observers, issued a report on May 27, 1947. The report substantiated Greece’s accusations against its neighbors. UN Security Council resolutions pertaining to the commission’s report were vetoed by the Soviet Union. The US referred the matter of the “threats to the political independence and territorial integrity of Greece” to the UN General Assembly on August 20, 1947. Prime Minister Maximos resigned on August 24, 1947, and Themistocles Sofoulis formed a government as prime minister in September 1947. Greece referred the matter of Yugoslav aggression to the UN Security Council on December 29, 1947. On October 17-23, 1947, forty-seven communists were executed for their involvement in terrorist activities. On October 21, 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 109 (II), which established the United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans (UNSCOB) to mediate negotiations between the parties. UNSCOB consisted of 18 delegates from nine of eleven members of the UN Security Counil – Australia, Brazil, Republic of China, France, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, United Kingdom, and the United States. UNSCOB deployed a maximum of 41 military observers from Brazil, Republic of China, France, Mexico, the Netherlands (between two and four observers from April 1948 to July 1951), Britain, and the US commanded by Brig. General H. W. D. MacDonald from Britain to monitor the border region. General Markos Vaphiades announced the formation of the Provisional Democratic Government (PDG) of Greece on December 24, 1947. The Greek government officially banned the communist party on December 27, 1947. On February 22, 1948, nineteen communists were executed for their involvement in the 1944 rebellion. Minister of Justice Christos Ladas and a policeman were killed in Athens by a communist on May 1, 1948. On May 4-6, 1948, forty-three communists were executed for their involvement in the 1944 rebellion. Government troops launched a military offensive against communist rebels from June 20 to August 20, 1948, resulting in the deaths of 590 Greek soldiers and 3,128 rebels. Twenty-six communists were executed on June 25, 1948. Two UNSCOB military observers were killed in a plane crash on February 17, 1949. Prime Minister Sofoulis died on June 24, 1949, and Alexander Diomedes formed a coalition government as prime minister on June 30, 1949. Yugoslavia ended military assistance to the rebels on July 27, 1949, and Albania ended military assistance to the rebels on August 26, 1949. The communist rebels proclaimed a ceasefire on October 16, 1949, and parties ended military hostilities on November 4, 1949. Some 125,000 individuals, including 38,000 communist rebels, 17,000 government soldiers, and three US military advisors, were killed during the conflict. Some 850,000 individuals were internally displaced during the conflict.
Post-Conflict Phase (November 5, 1949-July 31, 1954): Prime Minister Alexander Diomedes resigned on January 5, 1950, and Ion Theotokis formed a provisional government on January 6, 1950. King Paul dissolved the parliament on January 7, 1950. Parliamentary elections were held on March 5, 1950, and the Populist Party (PP) won a plurality of 61 out of 250 seats in the parliament. The Liberal Party (LP) won 53 seats in the parliament. Sophocles Venizelos of the LP formed a government as prime minister on March 23, 1950. Parliamentary elections were held on September 9, 1951, and the Greek Rally Party (GRP) headed by Alexander Papagos won a plurality of the vote. King Paul appointed General Nicholas Plastiras of the Progressive Union of the Center (PUC) as prime minister of a coalition government on September 29, 1951. UNSCOB was disbanded on December 7, 1951. The UN General Assembly established a military observation mission (Balkan Subcommittee of the UN Peace Observation Commission), which consisted of six military observers (Colombia, France, Pakistan, Sweden, Britain, US) commanded by General H. W. D. McDonald of Britain, to monitor the Bulgaria-Greece border beginning on January 23, 1952. Parliamentary elections were held on November 16, 1952, and the GRP won 238 out of 300 seats in the parliament. The PUC won 62 seats in the parliament. Alexander Papagos formed a government as prime minister on November 19, 1952. UN military observers were withdrawn from Greece on July 31, 1954.
Post-Crisis Phase (August 1, 1954-April 21, 1967): Prime Minister Papagos died on October 4, 1955, and Constantine Karamanlis formed a government as prime minister on October 5, 1955. The National Radical Union (NRU) was established by Prime Minister Karamanlis on January 4, 1956. Parliamentary elections were held on February 19, 1956, and the NRU won 165 out of 300 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Prime Minister Karamanlis resigned on March 2, 1958, and Constantine Georgeakopoulos formed an interim government on March 3, 1958. Constantine Karamanlis formed a government on May 17, 1958. The Center Union Party (CUP) was established by Georgios Papandreou in 1961. Parliamentary elections were held on October 29, 1961, and the NRU won a majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The CUP claimed election fraud. Supporters of the CUP and government police clashed in Athens in April 1962. Prime Minister Karamanlis resigned on June 11, 1963, and Panayoti Pipinelis of the NRU formed an interim government on June 17, 1963. Parliamentary elections were held on November 3, 1963, and the CUP won a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Georgios Papandreou formed a government as prime minister. Prime Minister Papandreou resigned. Parliamentary elections were held on February 16, 1964, and the CUP won a majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Georgios Papandreou formed a government as prime minister on February 19, 1964. King Paul I died on March 6, 1964, and Crown Prince Constantine was crown as King Constantine II on March 7, 1964. King Constantine II dismissed Prime Minister Papandreou on July 15, 1965, and Stephanos Stephanopoulos formed a government as prime minister on September 25, 1965. Prime Minister Stephanopoulos resigned on December 21, 1966, and Ioannis Paraskevopoulos formed a government as prime minister on December 22, 1966. Panayiotis Kanellopoulos of the NRU formed a government as prime minister on April 3, 1967. Prime Minister Kanellopoulos dissolved the parliament on April 14, 1967. Prime Minister Panayiotis Kanellopoulos was deposed in a right-wing military coup on April 21, 1967. A military junta appointed Constantine Kollias as prime minister and Lt. General Gregorios Spandidakis as deputy prime minister on April 21, 1967.
Crisis Phase (April 21, 1967-November 15, 1968): Prime Minister Panayiotis Kanellopoulos was deposed in a right-wing military coup on April 21, 1967. A military junta appointed Constantine Kollias as prime minister and Lt. General Gregorios Spandidakis as deputy prime minister on April 21, 1967. Former Prime Minister George Papandreou and hundreds of political leaders were arrested and imprisoned. The military junta abolished the United Democratic Left (EDA) on April 29, 1967, and banned several leftist organizations on May 4, 1967. Denmark and Norway condemned the military coup on May 5, 1967. The US imposed military sanctions (military supplies embargo and suspension of military assistance) against the military junta on May 16, 1967. George Papandreou was released from prison on October 7, 1967. King Constantine II unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the military junta on December 13, 1967. The military junta replaced Prime Minister Kollias with Colonel George Papadopoulos after King Constantine II went into exile in Rome on December 14, 1967. George Papandreou’s son, Andreas Papandreou, was released from prison on December 25, 1967. The military junta proposed a new constitution on March 15, 1968, and the constitution was approved in a referendum on September 29, 1968. The constitution went into effect on November 15, 1968.
Post-Crisis Phase (November 16, 1968-November 3, 1973): The military junta restored some civil rights, including the right to form trade unions, on November 24, 1968. On March 10-23, 1969, the European Human Rights Commission (EHRC) sent an eight-member fact-finding committee to Greece to investigate alleged human rights abuses. Greece withdrew from the Council of Europe (COE) on December 12, 1969. On April 15, 1970, the COE Parliamentary Assembly condemned the military junta for human rights violations. The US lifted the military sanctions (military supplies embargo) against the military junta on September 22, 1970, and lifted the military sanctions (suspension of military assistance) against the military junta on February 17, 1972. Government police and students clashed during demonstrations in Athens on February 16, 1973. The monarchy was formally abolished on June 1, 1973. George Papadopoulos was elected president in a referendum on July 29, 1973, and he was inaugurated as president of the Republic of Greece on August 19, 1973. The abolition of the monarchy was approved by 77 percent of the voters in a referendum on July 29, 1973. Spyros Markezinis of the Progressive Party (PP) formed a civilian government as prime minister on October 8, 1973.
Crisis Phase (November 4, 1973-June 20, 1975): Government police and demonstrators clashed in Athens and other cities on November 4-21, 1973, resulting in the deaths of thirteen individuals. President Papadopoulos proclaimed martial law on November 17, 1973. President Papadopoulos was deposed in a military coup led by General Demetrios Ionnides, and Lt. General Phaidon Gizikis was sworn in as president on November 25, 1973. Adamantios Androutsopoulos formed a government as prime minister on November 25, 1973. Members of the People’s Resistance Army (PRA) bombed a chemical plant in Lavrion on February 22, 1974, resulting in the deaths of two individuals. The military junta resigned on July 23, 1974, and Konstantine Karamanlis of the National Radical Union (NRU) formed a provisional government as prime minister on July 24, 1974. President Richard Nixon of the US expressed support for the provisional government on July 24, 1974. Prime Minister Karamanlis established the New Democracy Party (NDP) in September 1974. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) headed by George Papandreou was established on September 3, 1974. Parliamentary elections were held on November 17, 1974, and the NDP won 220 out of 300 seats in the parliament. The Center Union-New Political Forces Party (CU-NPFP) headed by George Mavros won 60 seats in the parliament. Prime Minister Karamanlis formed a new government on November 21, 1974. The COE Council of Ministers re-admitted Greece to the Parliamentary Assembly on November 28, 1974. Some 69 percent of Greeks voted against a restoration of the monarchy in a referendum on December 8, 1974. President Gizikis resigned on December 15, 1974, and Michael Stassinopoulos was elected provisional president by the parliament on December 18, 1974. Government troops suppressed a military rebellion in Athens on February 24, 1975, resulting in the arrest of some 40 military officers. The parliament approved a new constitution on June 7, 1975, and the constitution went into effect on June 11, 1975. Konstantinos Tsatsos was elected president by the parliament on June 19, 1975, and he was inaugurated as president on June 20, 1975.
Post-Crisis Phase (June 21, 1975-present): Parliamentary elections were held on November 20, 1977, and the NDP won 171 out of 300 seats in the parliament. PASOK won 93 seats in the parliament. Prime Minister Karamanlis resigned, Georgios Rallis of the NDP formed a government as prime minister on May 10, 1980. Konstantínos Karamanlís was elected president and sworn into office on May 15, 1980. Greece was admitted into the European Community (EC) on January 1, 1981.
[Sources: Banks and Muller, 1998, 361-366; Beigbeder, 1994, 249; Bercovitch and Jackson, 1997, 48; Birgisson, 1993, 77-83; Brecher and Wilkenfeld, 1997, 336-337, 599-600; Butterworth, 1976, 76-77, 425-427; Clodfelter, 1992, 976-978; Close 1995; Donelan and Grieve, 1973, 17-22; Facts on File, March 31-April 6, 1946, April 7-13, 1946, February 16-22, 1951, November 14-20, 1952, April 20-26, 1967, May 4-10, 1967, May 25-31, 1967, December 14-20, 1967, June 12-18, 1969, July 27, 1974, November 23, 1974, March 1, 1975; Jessup, 1998, 239-240, 247-249, 375-376, 568-569; Keesing’s Record of World Events, May 4-11, 1946, September 14-21, 1946, September 28-October 5, 1946, December 28, 1946-January 4, 1947, March 15-22, 1947, April 26-May 3, 1947, July 12-19, 1947, August 23-30, 1947, January 3-10, 1948, April 10-17, 1948, June 19-26, 1948, October 30-November 6, 1948, July 2-9, 1949, October 15-22, 1949, March 25-April 1, 1950, May 13-20, 1967, January 6-13, 1968, August 10-17, 1968, January 18-25, 1969, July 19-26, 1969, May 16-23, 1970, February 27-March 6, 1971, October 2-9, 1971, May 28-June 3, 1973, July 2-8, 1973, August 27-September 2, 1973, October 29-November 4, 1973, February 4-10, 1974, August 12-18, 1974, January 6-12, 1975, April 21-27, 1975, November 24-30, 1975; Langer, 1972, 756-757, 953-955, 962-964, 1024-1025, 1210-1211; Survey of International Affairs (SIA), 1925 (supplement), 142, 1932, 599, 1936, 948; Tillema, 1991, 45-46; Wainhouse, 1966, 221-241; Weisburd, 1997, 171-174.]
Selected Bibliography
Forster, Edward S. 1958/1977. A Short History of Modern Greece, 1821-1956, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, Publishers.
Joes, Anthony James. 1992. Modern Guerrilla Insurgency, Westport, CT and London: Praeger Publishers.
O’Ballance, Edgar. 1966. The Greek Civil War, 1944-1949, New York and Washington DC: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers.
Papacosma, S. Victor. 1977. The Military in Greek Politics: The 1909 Coup D’Etat, Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press.
Richter, Heinz. 1986. British Intervention in Greece: From Varkiza to Civil War, London: Merlin Press.
United Nations Review, “The Balkan Observers: A Mission Completed,” August 1954, pp. 17-25.
Wittner, Lawrence S. 1982. American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949, New York: Columbia University Press.
Woodhouse, C. M. 1968. A Short History of Modern Greece, New York and Washington DC: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers.