Crisis Phase (July 3, 1962-February 9, 1992): France formally granted independence to Algeria on July 3, 1962, and the Provisional Government of the Republic of Algeria took control of the country. Factions with the National Liberation Front (Fronte de Liberation Nationale – FLN) competed for control of the provisional government following independence. The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria was formally proclaimed on September 25, 1962, and Mohammed Ben Bella was elected prime minister by the National Assembly on September 26, 1962. Legislative elections were held on September 28, 1962, and the FLN won 196 out of 196 seats in the National Assembly. The Cuban government provided military assistance (military advisors) in support of the government in October 1963. A constitution was approved in a referendum on September 8, 1963, and Mohammed Ben Bella was elected president for a five-year term on September 10, 1963.
Ait Ahmed formed the Front of Socialist Forces (Fronte des Forces Socialistes – FFS) in opposition to the government in 1963. Some 2,500 individuals were killed in political violence between July 1962 and June 1965. Legislative elections were held on September 20, 1964, and the FLN won all of the seats in the National Assembly. President Mohammed Ben Bella was deposed in a military coup led by Colonel Houri Boumedienne on June 19, 1965. The 26-member National Council of the Algerian Revolution (Conseil National de la Révolution Algérienne – CNRA) headed by Colonel Houri Boumedienne took control of the Algerian government on June 20, 1965. The governments of China, Indonesia, and Syria provided diplomatic assistance (diplomatic recognition) to the CNRA on June 20, 1965. Colonel Houri Boumedienne formed a government as prime minister on July 10, 1965. The government suppressed a military rebellion led by Colonel Tahar Zbiri in the El-Affroun-Mouzaiaville district on December 14-16, 1967, resulting in the deaths of 28 individuals. Some 193 individuals were arrested for their involvement in the military rebellion. President Houri Boumedienne survived an assassination attempt on April 25, 1968. A referendum on a National Charter was held on June 27, 1976. Constitutional amendments, including the restoration of the People’s National Assembly and the direct election of the president, were approved in a referendum on November 19, 1976. The amended constitution was promulgated on November 22, 1976. President Houri Boumedienne was re-elected without opposition on December 10, 1976. Legislative elections were held on February 25, 1977, and the FLN won 261 out of 261 seats in the National People’s Assembly. President Houri Boumedienne died on December 27, 1978, and Rabah Bitat was sworn in as interim president on December 27, 1978. Colonel Chadli Bendjedid was elected president with 94 percent of the vote on February 7, 1979, and he was inaugurated as president on February 9, 1979. President Chadli Bendjedid pardoned former President Ben Bella in 1980. Government police suppressed Berber student demonstrations in Algiers on April 20, 1980, resulting in the deaths of some 32 individuals. Legislative elections were held on March 5, 1982, and the FLN won 282 out of 282 seats in the National Assembly. Mustafa Bouyali established the Islamic Armed Movement (Mouvement Islamique Armee – MIA) in opposition to the government in July 1982. President Chadli Bendjedid was re-elected without opposition on January 12, 1984. On May 20, 1984, Mohammed Ben Bella established the Movement for Democracy in Algeria (Mouvement pour la Démocratie en Algérie – MDA) in opposition to the government. Islamic militants attacked a government police station in Souma on August 29, 1985, resulting in the death of one government policeman. Islamic militants killed five government policemen in Larba on October 21, 1985. A revised constitution was approved in a referendum on January 16, 1986. Demonstrations took place in Constantine on November 8-10, 1986, and demonstrations took place in Setif on November 11-12, 1986. Government policemen killed seven Islamic militants, including Mustafa Bouyali, near Larba on February 3, 1987. Legislative elections were held on February 26, 1987, and the FLN won 295 out of 295 seats in the National Assembly. Five members of the MIA were convicted and sentenced to death on July 10, 1987. The government declared a state-of-emergency after violence erupted throughout the country on October 5, 1988. Some 500 individuals were killed by government troops, who restored order on October 10, 1988. The government terminated the state-of-emergency on October 12, 1988. Constitutional reforms were approved by 92 percent of the voters in a referendum held on November 3, 1988. President Bendjedid was re-elected without opposition on December 22, 1988. The Islamic Salvation Front (Front Islamique du Salut – FIS) was established by Abbassi Madani and Ali Belhadj on February 18, 1989. Algerians approved a new constitution that provided for a multiparty system in a referendum held on February 23, 1989. The government approved a law on July 2, 1989, which provided for the legalization of opposition political parties. President Chadli Bendjedid dismissed Prime Minister Kasdi Merbah on September 9, 1989. Three opposition political parties were legalized by the government on September 12, 1989. Municipal and regional elections were held on June 12, 1990, and the FIS won 53 percent of the vote. The FLN won 34 percent of the vote. The FIS called for a general strike on May 25, 1991. On June 4, 1991, President Chadli Bendjedid declared a state-of-emergency after violent clashes between government police and Islamic fundamentalist demonstrators resulted in the deaths of more than 50 individuals. Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche resigned on June 5, 1991, and Sid Ahmed Ghozali was named as prime minister. President Bendjedid ended the state-of-emergency on September 29, 1991. The first round of legislative elections were held on December 26, 1991, and the FIS won 188 seats in the 430-seat parliament. The FLN won only 15 seats in the first round of legislative elections. President Chadli Bendjedid was forced to resign on January 11, 1992, and a military junta called the High Committee of State (Haut Comité d’Etat – HCE) took control of the government on January 14, 1992. The HCE canceled the second round of legislative elections scheduled for January 16, 1992, and the HCE nullified the results of the first round of legislative elections that were held on December 26, 1991. Mohamed Boudiaf was chosen as head of the HCE on January 17, 1992. The U.S. government imposed military sanctions (arms embargo) against the Algerian government in January 1992. The European Union (EU) imposed economic sanctions (trade restrictions) against the government of Algeria in January 1992. Islamic militants killed one government soldier near Sidi Moussa on January 19, 1992, and government troops killed some 40 supporters of the FIS on February 7-9, 1992. President Mohamed Boudiaf proclaimed a state-of-emergency on February 9, 1992.
Conflict Phase (February 10, 1992-February 8, 2002): The Armed Islamic Group (Groupe Islamique Armé – GIA) headed by Mansouri Miliani began an insurgency against the government on February 10, 1992. The HCE banned the FIS on March 4, 1992. President Mohamed Boudiaf, head of the HCE, was assassinated in Annaba on June 29, 1992, and he was succeeded by Ali Kafi on July 2, 1992. Prime Minister Sid Ahmed Ghozali resigned on July 8, 1992, and Belaid Abdessalam was named as prime minister. The government extended the state-of-emergency indefinitely on February 7, 1993. Djilali Liabes, the Minister of Education, was assassinated by Islamic militants on March 16, 1993. Prime Minister Belaid Abdessalam resigned on August 21, 1993, and Redha Malek was named as prime minister. Major General Lamine Zeroual was appointed president of Algeria on January 27, 1994. The HCS was dissolved on January 31, 1994. The EU lifted economic sanctions (trade restrictions) against the Algerian government in 1994. Prime Minister Redha Malek resigned, and President Lamine Zeroual appointed Mokdad Sifi as prime minister on April 11, 1994. The Islamic Salvation Army (Armée Islamique du Salut – AIS), the armed wing of the FIS, was established in opposition to the government on July 18, 1994. Representatives of several opposition political parties signed the Sant’Egidio Platform in Rome on January 13, 1995, which was intended as a framework for peace and ending the civil war in Algeria. The Roman Catholic Community of Sant’Egidio in Rome facilitated the weeks of negotiations that led to the signing of the platform, which called for the rejection of political violence, democratic elections, respect for human rights and investigations of human rights abuses, and the withdrawal of the military from politics. President Lamine Zeroual denounce the platform as a threat to national sovereignty. The EU appealed for peaceful negotiations on February 1, 1995. President Lamine Zeroual was re-elected with some 61 percent of the vote on November 16, 1995. Several opposition political parties boycotted the presidential election. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the League of Arab States (LAS) sent observers to monitor the presidential election. The OAU and LAS missions reported that the presidential election had been free and fair. Prime Minister Mokdad Sifi resigned on December 31, 1995, and Ahmed Ouyahia was named as prime minister. Amendments to the Constitution were approved with 86 percent of the vote in a referendum held on November 26, 1996. Legislative elections were held on June 5, 1997, and the National Rally for Democracy (Rassemblement National Democratique – RND) won 155 out of 380 seats in the National People’s Assembly. The National Liberation Front (Front de Libération Nationale – FLN) won 62 seats in the National People’s Assembly. The FIS urged voters to boycott the legislative elections. The United Nations (UN) Secretariat sent observers to monitor the legislative elections, and the UN mission issued a report on June 9, 1997. Some 250 individuals were killed in election-related violence. On September 22, 1997, the London-based human rights non-government organization, Amnesty International, condemned the FIS for the recent killing of 500 civilians in Algeria. The AIS/FIS announced a unilateral ceasefire on October 1, 1997. Local elections were held on October 23, 1997. On January 29, 1998, the Council of Europe (COE) Parliamentary Assembly condemned the killing of civilians in Algeria. On March 7, 1998, Islamic militants attacked the two villages in southern Algeria, resulting in the deaths of 13 individuals. The UN sent a fact-finding mission headed by Mario Soares of Portugal to investigate violence in Algeria on July 22-August 3, 1998. On September 14, 1999, Islamic militants killed 27 individuals in the village of Sidi-Sbaa in Aïn Defla province. Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia submitted his resignation, and Smail Hamdani was named as prime minister on December 15, 1998. On April 4, 1999, Islamic militants ambushed a government military convoy near the town of Blida, resulting in the deaths of 22 government soldiers. Abdelaziz Bouteflika was elected president with 74 percent of the vote on April 15, 1999. Six opposition political party candidates for president withdrew from the election, and the FIS urged voters to boycott the presidential election on April 14, 1999. On April 20, 1999, thousands of Berbers demonstrated in favor of democracy and recognition of their languages in the town of Tizi-Ouzou in northern Algeria. The AIS/FIS agreed to a peace accord with the government on June 12, 1999. A referendum on the Civil Concord Law was held on September 16, 1999. Islamic militants killed 18 civilians in the village of Nfissa in Aïn Defla province and ten civilians near Chebli on November 28, 1999. Islamic militants killed eleven civilians near Laghouat on December 2, 1999. Government troops killed 16 Islamic militants near Chlef on December 2, 1999. Islamic militants killed five government troops in Aïn Defla province on December 11, 1999. Government troops and Islamic militants clashed near Bouassel village in Chlef province on December 14, 1999, resulting in the deaths of eleven government soldiers and two Islamic militants. Islamic militants killed six civilians near Relizane on December 20, 1999. Prime Minister Smail Hamdani resigned on December 23, 1999, and President Abdelaziz Bouteflika appointed Ahmed Benbitour as prime minister. Islamic militants killed 29 civilians near Khemis Miliana on December 24, 1999. Islamic militants killed seven individuals in Medjar on January 3, 2000. Islamic militants killed six civilians in Haouch Germain in Tipaza province on January 4, 2000. President Abdelaziz Bouteflika offered amnesty to Islamic militants that surrendered to the government. The AIS was formally disbanded on January 11, 2000. On January 19, 2000, the government reported that nearly 80 percent of the country’s Islamic militants had accepted President Abdelaziz Bouteflika’s amnesty offer and had laid down their weapons, including 2,500 members of the AIS. Islamic militants killed 20 civilians in El Bayadh region on February 28, 2000. Government troops killed twelve Islamic militants in the El Bayadh region on February 29-March 1, 2000. Prime Minister Ahmed Benbitour resigned in August 2000, and President Abdelaziz Bouteflika appointed Ali Benflis of the FLN as prime minister. On December 21, 2000, the London-based human rights NGO, Amnesty International, condemned Islamic militants for killing civilians in Algeria. Government police and Berbers clashed in the Kabylia region on April 22-30, 2001, resulting in the deaths of some 40 individuals. Several thousand individuals demonstrated in support of democracy in Algiers on June 14, 2001, resulting in the deaths of four individuals. The government banned the demonstrations in Algiers on June 18, 2001. Government troops clashed with Islamic militants on June 18, 2001, resulting in the deaths of 13 government soldiers. Islamic militants killed 22 individuals in Larbaa on September 26, 2001. Government troops killed eleven Islamic militants near Khenchela on November 1, 2001, and government troops killed seven Islamic militants near Bouira on November 4, 2001. Suspected Islamic militants killed 17 civilians near Cadat in in Aïn Defla province on December 6, 2001. Islamic militants killed twelve individuals in al-Medya on February 3, 2002. Government troops killed Antar Zouabri, leader of the GIA, near Boufarik on February 8, 2002. Some 150,000 individuals were killed, and some 200,000 individuals were displaced during the conflict.
Post-Conflict Phase (February 9, 2002-February 24, 2011): Islamic militants killed six individuals near Bougara on February 10, 2002. On March 6, 2002, Islamic militants attacked a government military barracks in Oum Toub in Skikda province, resulting in the deaths of 12 government soldiers. Islamic militants killed six individuals near El Affroun on March 8, 2002. President Abdelaziz Bouteflika agreed to the demands to declare Berber a national language on March 13, 2002. Islamic militants killed 31 individuals in Kasar Shalala and Sedi Khaled on May 2, 2002. A bomb exploded in Tazmalt in the Berber-speaking Kabylie region on May 15, 2002, resulting in the deaths of at least four individuals. Islamic militants killed 25 individuals in the village of Sendjas on May 29, 2002. Legislative elections were held on May 30, 2002, and the FLN headed by Prime Minister Ali Bentflis won 199 out of 389 seats in the National People’s Assembly. The RND won 47 seats in the National People’s Assembly. Opposition political parties, including the FFS and the Rally for Culture and Democracy (Rassemblement pour la Culture et la Democratie – RCD), boycotted the legislative elections. On June 11, 2002, suspected Islamic militants attacked a passenger bus in the town of Medea, resulting in the deaths of eleven civilians. Islamic militants killed thirteen individuals in Algiers on June 28-29, 2002. Forty-nine individuals were killed in bomb explosions near Algiers on July 5, 2002. Islamic militants killed 26 individuals in Chlef province on August 15-16, 2002. Government soldiers killed 16 Islamic militants east of Algiers on August 17-23, 2002. Twenty-one individuals were killed by Islamic militants on October 25, 2002. Islamic militants killed nine government soldiers and government policemen east of Algiers on November 21-23, 2002. On December 10, 2002, the U.S. government lifted military sanctions (arms embargo) and agreed to provide military assistance to the Algeria government. President Abdelaziz Bouteflika dismissed Prime Minister Ali Bentflis on May 5, 2003, and former Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia was named as the prime minister. Islamic militants killed six government soldiers in the Boumerdes region on May 6, 2003. President Bouteflika was re-elected with 83 percent of the vote on April 8, 2004. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Parliamentary Assembly sent four observers headed by Bruce George of Britain to monitor the presidential election. The LAS sent 64 observers to monitor the presidential election. The African Union (AU) sent 50 observers to monitor the presidential election. The European Parliament sent five observers to monitor the presidential election. Islamic militants killed 14 individuals near Algiers on April 7, 2005. Islamic militants killed 14 government security personnel in M’silia region on June 8, 2005. A referendum on national reconciliation, including partial amnesty for Islamic militants and government soldiers, was held on September 29, 2005. Some 97 percent voted to approved the reconciliation proposal. Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia resigned on May 24, 2006, and Abdelaziz Belkhadem was named as prime minister. Islamic militants attacked a convoy of vehicles near Algiers on December 10, 2006, resulting in the deaths of two individuals. Government troops and Islamic militants clashed in Batna region on January 29, 2007, resulting in the deaths of five government soldiers and ten militants. Islamic militants attacked seven police stations in Kabylie region on February 12, 2007, resulting in the deaths of six individuals. Government troops and Islamic militants clashed in Ain Defla region on April 7, 2007, resulting in the deaths of nine government soldiers and six militants. Islamic militants bombed a government building and police station in Algiers on April 11, 2007, resulting in the deaths of 33 individuals. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon condemned the bombings on April 11, 2007. The UN Security Council condemned the bombings on April 12, 2007. Legislative elections were held on May 17, 2007, and the FLN won 136 out of 389 seats in the National People’s Assembly. The RND won 61 seats in the National People’s Assembly. Ten government soldiers were killed by a suicide bomber in Lakhdaria on July 10, 2007. At least 20 individuals were killed in a suicide bombing in the town of Batna on September 6, 2007. Islamic militants killed 28 coast guard officers in a suicide bombing of a barracks in the port of Dellys on September 8, 2007. Islamic militants killed three individuals in a bombing in Zemmouri on September 14, 2007. Islamic militants killed six government soldiers in Tébessa on October 5, 2007. Islamic militants bombed government buildings and UN offices in Algiers on December 11, 2007. Forty-one individuals, including 17 UN staff members, were killed in the bombings. Four government policemen were killed in a suicide bombing in the town of Naciria on January 2, 2008. Islamic militants killed six government soldiers near Tizi Ouzou in the Kabylie region on January 8, 2008. Islamic militants killed seven government policemen in the El Oued region on February 8, 2008. Government troops killed ten Islamic militants near Sidi Yahia on April 26, 2008. Islamic militants killed six government soldiers in the village of Cap Djinet east of Algiers on June 5, 2008. Prime Minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem resigned on June 23, 2008, and former prime minister Ahmed Ouyahia was named as prime minister. Government troops killed 12 Islamic militants in the Kabylie region on August 7, 2008. Six civilians were killed in a suicide car bombing in Zemmouri on August 9, 2008. Islamic militants killed 48 individuals at a police training school in Issers near Boumerdes on August 19, 2008. Islamic militants killed twelve individuals in bombing attacks in Bouira on August 20, 2008. Islamic militants killed four individuals in Dellys east of Algiers on September 28, 2008. The National Assembly voted to abolish the two-term limit for presidents on November 12, 2008. Islamic militants killed seven individuals in Fum on February 13, 2009. Islamic militants killed nine security guards near Jijel on February 22, 2009. President Bouteflika was re-elected with more than 90 percent of the vote on April 9, 2009. The RCD boycotted the presidential election. Islamic militants killed five government policemen in Medea on May 20, 2009. Islamic militants killed nine government soldiers in Biskra province on May 27, 2009. Islamic militants killed ten individuals in Timezrit on June 3, 2009. Islamic militants ambushed and killed 18 government policemen and one civilian near Mansoura east of Algiers on June 18, 2009. Islamic militants killed five government policemen in Khenchela on June 22, 2009. Islamic militants killed 14 government soldiers in Tipaza province on July 29, 2009. Government troops clashed with Islamic militants near the town of Bechar on October 9, 2009, resulting in the deaths of ten militants and three government soldiers. Five civilians and four government policemen died in a suicide bombing in the village of Timizar on June 11, 2010. Islamic militants killed five civilians in the village of Ghrab in Tébessa province on June 24, 2010. Islamic militants killed eleven security personnel in Tinzaouatine on June 30, 2010. The government lifted the 19-year-old state-of-emergency on February 24, 2011. More than 5,000 individuals were killed in political violence between February 2002 and February 2011.
Post-Crisis Phase (February 25, 2011-February 15, 2019): Islamic militants killed 14 individuals in Azazga on April 16, 2011. Eighteen individuals, students at a government military academy, were killed in a suicide bombing in the town of Cherchel on August 26, 2011. Legislative elections were held on May 10, 2012, and the FLN won 220 out of 462 seats in the National People’s Assembly. The RND headed by Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia won 68 seats in the National People’s Assembly. The Islamist coalition – Green Algeria Alliance – won 48 seats in the National People’s Assembly. The EU send 40 long-term observers and 80 short-term observers headed by José Ignacio Salafranca of Spain to monitor the legislative elections beginning on March 31, 2012. The LAS sent 132 observers headed by Hanafi Wadjih to monitor the legislative elections beginning on May 3, 2012. The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) sent 23 observers to monitor the legislative elections. The AU sent 200 observers from 41 countries headed by Joachim Chissano of Mozambique to monitor the legislative elections on May 1-16, 2012. Islamist lawmakers walked out of the National Assembly in protest on May 26, 2012. One individual was killed by a suicide bombing in the town of Ouargla on June 29, 2012. Local elections were held on November 30, 2012. Islamic militants attacked and took hostages at a natural gas facility in Amenas on January 16, 2013, resulting in the deaths of two workers. Government troops raided the natural gas facility in Amenas on January 19, 2013, resulting in the deaths of another 38 workers and 29 militants. The Canadian and U.S. governments condemned the attack on the natural gas facility in Amenas. On January 19, 2013, the UN Security Council condemned the attack on the natural gas facility in Amenas. On January 21, 2013, the governments of Ghana and Turkey condemned the attack on the natural gas facility in Amenas. Islamic militants attacked an oil pipeline in northern Algeria on January 28, 2013, resulting in the deaths of two security guards. Government troops killed five Islamic militants near the town of Ain Salah on December 4, 2013. In order to run the re-election campaign on President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal resigned on March 13, 2014. On March 21, 2014, thousands of supporters of opposition political parties demonstrated in support of a boycott of the upcoming presidential election. President Abdelaziz Bouteflika was re-elected with 81 percent of the vote on April 17, 2014. Several opposition political parties, including the Movement for the Society of Peace (Mouvement de la Société pour la Paix – MSP) and the Islamic Renaissance Movement (Mouvement de la Renaissance Islamique – MRI), boycotted the presidential election. The AU sent 200 observers from 37 countries led by former Prime Minister Mohamed Dileita to monitor the presidential election from April 2 to April 20, 2014. The LAS sent 110 short-term observers to monitor the presidential election. The OIC sent short-term observers to monitor the presidential election. The Norway-based NGO, Global Network for Rights and Development (GNRD), sent ten short-term observers from eight countries to monitor the presidential election. Islamic militants ambushed and killed 14 government soldiers in Kabylie on April 19, 2014. Three Islamic militants were also killed in the ambush. Government troops killed ten Islamic militants near Tin-Zaouatine on May 5-6, 2014. Members of Jund al-Khilafa (Soldiers of the Caliphate) killed a French tourist, Herve Gourdel, on September 24, 2014. Herve Gourdel had been kidnapped in Djurdjura National Park on September 21, 2014. Government troops killed eight Islamic militants in the eastern Bouira region on October 10-11, 2014. Government police clashed with demonstrators in Touggourta on November 28, 2014, resulting in the deaths of two demonstrators. Government troops killed two members of Jund al-Khilafa on December 11, 2014. Government troops killed three Islamic militants near the village of Sidi Daoud on December 20, 2014. Government troops killed the leader of Jund al-Khilafa, Abdelmalek Gouri (also known as Khaled Abou Slimane), in the town of Isser on December 22, 2014. Two other members of Jund al-Khilafa were also killed in a government military operation in Tizi Ouzou. On May 19, 2015, government troops killed 21 Islamic militants in Boumerdès, located north of Algiers. On July 17, 2015, Islamic militants ambushed a government military patrol in Aïn Defla province, resulting in the deaths of at least nine government soldiers. On February 7, 2016, the National Assembly and Senate overwhelmingly approved a new constitution that would limit presidents to two five-year terms and recognize the Berber language (Tamazight) as an official language. Legislative elections were held on May 4, 2017, and the FLN won 164 out of 462 seats in the People’s National Assembly. The RND won 100 seats in the People’s National Assembly. On February 10, 2019, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika formally announced his candidacy for a fifth term as president.
Crisis Phase (February 16, 2019-present): Protests against President Abdelaziz Bouteflika began in the town of Kherrata in northern Algeria on February 16, 2019. The protests, which were organized by the Hirak movement, soon spread to other towns and cities throughout the country. On March 11, 2019, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika withdrew his candidacy for a fifth term as president, but the protests continued. On March 20, 2019, the FLN and the Algerian military announced their support for the protests occurring throughout the country. President Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigned on April 2, 2019, and the parliament appointed Abdelkader Bensalah as interim president on April 9, 2019. Former Prime Minister Abdelmajid Tebboune was elected president with 58 percent of the vote on December 12, 2019. Several political parties, including the Justice and Development Front (Front pour la Justice et le Développement – FJD), the Movement for the Society of Peace (Mouvement de la Société pour la Paix – MSP), and the Forces of the Democratic Alternative (Forces de l’Alternative Démocratique – FAD), boycotted the presidential election. On January 2, 2020, President Abdelmadjid Tebboune appointed Abdelaziz Djerad as prime minister. Several constitutional amendments were approved in a referendum held on November 1, 2020. The constitutional amendments included term limits for members of parliament and the creation of a Constitutional Court. On January 1, 2021, President Abdelmadjid Tebboune signed into law the amended constitution that was approved in a referendum two months earlier. On January 14, 2021, five civilians were killed by a roadside bomb in Oueoid- Khenig-Roum in Tébessa province. Protests against the Algerian government and military took place in Kherrata and Algiers beginning on February 16, 2021. The protests spread to other towns and cities throughout the country. On February 18, 2021, President Abdelmadjid Tebboune dissolved the People’s National Assembly and called for early legislative elections in June 2021. President Abdelmadjid Tebboune also ordered the release of 70 individuals who had been jailed for participating in protests. Legislative elections were held on June 12, 2021, and the FLN won 98 out of 407 seats in the People’s National Assembly. The MSP won 65 seats in the People’s National Assembly. The Hirak movement call for a mass boycott of the legislative elections. On June 24, 2021, Prime Minister Abdelaziz Djerad submitted his resignation. On July 7, 2021, President Abdelmadjid Tebboune named a new government headed by Prime Minister Ayman Benabderrahmane. On September 6, 2021, government police arrested 27 members of the Movement for the Self-Determination of Kabylie (Mouvement pour l’Autodétermination de la Kabylie – MAK), a group that seeks independence for the Berber-speaking Kabylie region. On September 13, 2021, government police arrested 16 more members of MAK in the Kabylie region.
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Selected Bibliography
Tahi, Mohand Salah. 1992. “The Arduous Democratisation Process in Algeria.” Journal of Modern African Studies, 30 (3), pp. 397-419.
Zoubir, Yahia H. 1998. “The Algerian Political Crisis: Origins and Prospects for the Future of Democracy,” Journal of North African Studies, vol. 3 (1), pp. 74-100.