Pre-Crisis Phase (December 21, 1923-October 17, 1940): Representatives of Nepal and the United Kingdom signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship at the Singha Durbar (Lion’s Palace) in Kathmandu on December 21, 1923. The UK recognized the independence and sovereignty of the Kingdom of Nepal, which had been ruled by hereditary prime ministers from the Rana family since 1846. On November 28, 1924, Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher Junga Bahadur Rana appealed for the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery in Nepal, which at the time had nearly 60,000 slaves. The Nepalese government established an anti-slavery office, which provided compensation to slave owners and land to emancipated slaves. The process of emancipating slaves and abolishing slavery in Nepal was completed in August 1926. Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher died on November 25, 1929, and Bhim Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana was installed as hereditary prime minister in a ceremony held in Kathmandu on December 16, 1929. Prime Minister Bhim Shumsher died on September 1, 1932, and he was succeeded as hereditary prime minister by Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana. On March 19, 1934, Rudra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana, commander-in-chief of the Nepalese armed forces, was dismissed and appointed as the chief administration official in Palpa district. On June 2, 1936, the Nepal People’s Council (Nepali Praja Parishad – NPP) was established by Dasharath Chand and Tanka Prasad Acharya in opposition to the Nepalese government controlled by the Rana family.
Crisis Phase (October 18, 1940-November 10, 1950): On October 18, 1940, several individuals linked to the NPP, including Dasharath Chand and Tanka Prasad Acharya, were arrested by government police for planning to assassinate government officials. Four individuals linked to the NPP – Ganga Lal Shrestha, Dasharath Chand, Dharma Bhakta Mathema, and Shukra Raj Shastri – were executed by the Nepalese government on January 24-28, 1941. Since he was a Brahmin (Hindu teacher), Tanka Prasad Acharya was sentenced to life imprisonment as Nepalese law did not permit the execution of Brahmins. The NPP was dissolved by the Nepalese government. On November 29, 1945, Prime Minister Juddha Shumsher abdicated in favor of his nephew Padma Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, who was considered a progressive member of the Rana family. The All-India Nepali National Congress was established in Varanasi, India on October 31, 1946. At a conference held in Bhawanipur, India on January 24-25, 1947, the Nepali National Congress (Nepali Rastriya Congress – NRC) was formally established with the imprisoned Tanka Prasad Acharya elected as president and Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala elected as acting-president of the NRC. Girija Prasad Koirala led a jute mill workers’ strike against a company in Biratnagar in Morang district beginning on March 4, 1947. Five days later, Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala and the NRC joined in support of the jute mill workers’ strike in Biratnagar in Morang district. The NRC launched nationwide demonstrations against the Nepalese government beginning on March 13, 1947. Government troops suppressed the jute mill workers’ strike and arrested the leaders of the strike, including Girija Prasad Koirala and Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala, on March 24, 1947. The NRC held a party conference in Jogbani, India on April 9-10, 1947, and the NRC launched a non-violent resistance movement (Satyagraha) against the Nepalese government on April 13, 1947. Supporters of the NRC demonstrated against the Nepalese government in Kathmandu on April 14, 1947. Prime Minister Padma Shumsher granted amnesty to the leaders of the demonstrators who were arrested by government police. The United States government recognized the independence of the Kingdom of Nepal and established diplomatic relations with the Nepalese government on April 21, 1947. On May 16, 1947, King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah proposed reforms of the Nepalese political system, including an independent judiciary. Students organized the Jayatu Sanskritam movement in support of educational and social equality in Kathmandu in June 1947. More than 40 students were arrested by government police and deported from Nepal. Girija Prasad Koirala and Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala were released from prison in August 1947. Prime Minister Padma Shumsher requested assistance from Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India in the drafting of a constitution for Nepal. On January 16, 1948, Prime Minister Padma Shumsher promulgated a new constitution, the Government of Nepal Act of 1948, which went into effect on April 13, 1948. The new constitution vested executive authority in the prime minister (Maharaja), who would be advised by a Council of Ministers. A bicameral legislative body, including the upper chamber (Bharadari Sabha) and lower chamber (Rastra Sabha), was created by the new constitution. On April 30, 1948, Prime Minister Padma Shumsher resigned after conservative members of the Rana family opposed the new constitution, and he went into exile to Calcutta, India. Mohan Shamsher, a conservative member of the Rana family, became prime minister. Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher suspended the constitution and banned the NRC on May 1, 1948. The Nepal Democratic Congress (Nepal Prajatantrik Congress – NPC) was established by progressive members of the Rana family, including Subarna Shamsher, in Calcutta, India on August 4, 1948. Mohandra Vikaram Shah was elected as president of the NPC and Surya Prasad Upadhya was elected as General-Secretary of the NPC. Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala, leader of the NRC, was arrested in Kathmandu in November 1948. Matrika Prasad Koirala was elected president of the NRC meeting in Calcutta, India in March 1949. The Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) was established by Puspa Lal Shrestha and other Nepalese in Calcutta on April 22, 1949. Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala was released from prison in May 1949. The NRC and NPC merged to form the Nepali Congress (NC) in Calcutta on April 10, 1950. Matrika Prasad Koirala was elected president of the NC and Mohandra Vikaram Shah was elected as General-Secretary of the NC. Representatives of the governments of Nepal and India signed the Nepal-India Treaty of Peace and Friendship on July 31, 1950. The Nepal parliament convened in Kathmandu on September 22, 1950. The Nepalese government uncovered a plot by NC supporters to assassinate Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher on September 24, 1950, resulting in the arrest and imprisonment of several supporters of the NC. King Tribhuvan sought refuge in the Indian embassy in Kathmandu on November 6, 1950. The Nepalese government formally deposed King Tribhuvan and proclaimed three-year old Prince Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah as the new King of Nepal on November 7, 1950. King Tribhuvan and most of his family were flown on Indian military aircraft to New Delhi on November 10, 1950.
Conflict Phase (November 11, 1950 to February 21, 1951): The militant wing of the NC, known as the Liberation Army (Mukti Sena), commanded by Major-General Subarna Shamsher attacked and captured Birgunj in Parsa district on November 11-12, 1950. The NC established a provisional government headed by Tej Bahadur Amatya in Birgunj in Parsa district. The Burmese government provided military assistance (weapons and ammunition) to the NC prior to the outbreak of military hostilities, and Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah of Kashmir provided military assistance (weapons and ammunition) during the conflict. NC rebels captured Udaypur Gadhi on November 12, 1950. NC rebels commanded by Kunwar Indrajit Singh attacked Bhairahawa in Rupandehi district on November 13, 1950, resulting in the deaths of four rebels. NC rebels attacked government troops in Bhairahawa in Rupandehi district on November 15, 1950, resulting in the deaths of 12 rebels. NC rebels captured Rangeli in Morang district on November 16, 1950. On November 17, 1950, the leader of the NC appealed for Indian intervention in the conflict against the Nepalese government. NC rebels clashed with government troops in Jhapa and captured Haraicha in Morang district on November 19, 1950. Government police fired on NC supporters in Gaur in Rautahat district on November 19, 1950, resulting in the deaths of 12 individuals. For the second time in a week, NC rebels commanded by Kunwar Indrajit Singh attacked Bhairahawa in Rupandehi district on November 20, 1950. Government troops commanded by Raj Shamsher recaptured Birgunj on November 20, 1950, resulting in the deaths of some 20 rebels. Representatives of the Indian government held talks with representatives of the Nepalese government beginning on November 27, 1950. On December 8, 1950, the Indian government indicated that it would not recognize Prince Gyanendra as King of Nepal. NC rebels captured Dingla in Bhojpur district on December 10-11, 1950. NC rebels attacked government troops in Biratnagar in Morang district beginning on December 11, 1950, and the NC rebels captured Biratnagar in Morang district on December 23, 1950. Some 22 government soldiers were killed during the attack. The NC established a provisional government headed by Keshav Prasad Koirala in Biratnagar in Morang district on December 24, 1950. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India encouraged the Nepalese government to enact political reforms and to allow King Tribhuvan to return to Nepal. The Nepal Nationalist Gorkha Council (Nepal Rashtrabadi Gorkha Parishad – NRGP) was established by members of the ruling Rana family in 1951. Government troops commanded by Krishna Bahadur clashed with NC rebels near Lauki on January 3, 1951, resulting in the deaths of 16 government soldiers. On January 8, 1951, the Nepalese government announced that King Tribhuvan would be restored to the throne of the Kingdom of Nepal as a constitutional monarch and that a new cabinet would be created by Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher. An amnesty for political prisoners and NC rebels who agreed to disarm was also announced on January 8, 1951. NC rebels captured Gorkha in Gorkha district on January 10, 1951. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India appealed to the NC for a cessation of military hostilities on January 10, 1951. Government police fired on NC supporters in Bandipur on January 14, 1951, resulting in the deaths of six individuals. On January 16, 1951, Matrika Prasad Koirala, leader of the NC, called for a cessation of military hostilities against the Nepalese government while negotiations continued in New Delhi, India. Some rebels led by Ram Prasad Rai and Kunwar Indrajit Singh continued the armed rebellion in western Nepal. The Indian government mediated the signing of the Delhi Accord by King Tribhuvan, representatives of the Nepalese government, and the NC on February 12, 1951. The agreement called for the restoration of King Tribhuvan, a democratically-elected constituent assembly with two years, an interim coalition government, and release of political prisoners. King Tribhuvan returned to Nepal on February 15, 1951. On February 18, 1951, King Tribhuvan issued a proclamation establishing a ten-member Council of Ministers headed by Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher. The Council of Ministers consisted of five representatives of the NC and five representatives of the Rana family. On February 19, 1951, rebels led by Kunwar Indrajit Singh attacked government facilities in Bhairahawa in Rupandehi district, resulting in the deaths of nine rebels and four government soldiers. Indian government troops intervened in support of the Nepalese government, and Kunwar Indrajit Singh was captured by Nepalese and Indian troops on February 21, 1951.
Post-Conflict Phase (February 22, 1951-April 13, 1963): Tanka Prasad Acharya, leader of the NC, was released from prison and pardoned by King Tribhuvan. On March 30, 1951, the Council of Ministers adopted the Interim Government of Nepal Act of 1951. The Brave Gorkga Organization (Vir Gorkha Dal – VGD) led by Randhir Subba and Bharat Shamsher rebelled against the government in Kathmandu on April 9, 1951. The government ordered the arrest of Bharat Shamsher and other members of the VGD on April 11, 1951, and Bharat Shamsher surrendered to government police the next day. King Tribhuvan promulgated an interim constitution, Interim Government of Nepal Act of 1951, on April 11, 1951. On April 12, 1951, members of the VGD launched attacks in Kathmandu, resulting in the deaths of two individuals. The government formally banned the VGD on April 15, 1951. King Tribhuvan stripped Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher of his position as supreme commander of the military on April 16, 1951. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India mediated negotiations between the parties in New Delhi on May 8-16, 1951, and the parties agreed to established a 40-member Advisory Assembly. Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher formed a coalition government, including five members of the NC and five members of the Rana family, on June 10, 1951. On July 13, 1951, government troops were deployed to Bhutwal district to suppress an uprising led by Kunwar Indrajit Singh, who had escaped from prison two days earlier. On July 14, 1951, Nepalese government troops, along with Indian government troops, recaptured Bhairawa in Rupandehi district from rebels. Kunwar Indrajit Singh was captured by Nepalese and Indian troops in Syanja district on August 10, 1951. Government police fired on student demonstrators in Kathmandu on November 6, 1951, resulting in the death of Chinya Kaji. All five NC members of the government resigned on November 11, 1951, and Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher submitted his resignation on November 12, 1951. Matrieka Prasad Koirala of the NC was sworn in as prime minister on November 16, 1951. The cabinet consisted of eight NC members and six independents. Former prime minister Mohan Shamsher went into self-imposed exile in India on December 14, 1951. The Nepal Peasant’s Union (Nepal Kisan Sangh – NKS) was established by Tulsi Lal Amatya in December 1951. The U.S. government provided economic assistance to the Nepalese government beginning on January 23, 1952. Government troops suppressed a mutiny by members of an auxiliary police force, known as the Protective Organization (Raksha Dal), in Kathmandu on January 23-24, 1952. Kunwar Indrajit Singh and 32 of his supporters escaped from prison and fled to Tibet. King Tribhuvan declared a state-of-emergency on January 24, 1952, and the government banned the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) on January 25, 1952. King Tribhuvan requested military assistance from the Indian government in order to reorganize and modernize the Nepalese military. The Indian Military Mission (IMM), which consisted of nearly 200 military personnel, was established in Nepal on February 28, 1952. On June 8, 1952, the NKS declared a revolt against landlords and demanded the redistribution of land to peasants. Government troops suppressed the NKS revolt. King Tribhuvan convened a 61-member Advisory Assembly (Nepal Salahkar Samiti) in Kathmandu on July 4, 1952. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was elected speaker of the Advisory Assembly. Accused of violating party principles and acting against the constitution, Prime Minister Matrieka Prasad Koirala was expelled from the NC on July 25, 1952. King Tribhuvan assumed control of the government on August 9, 1952, and Prime Minister Matrieka Prasad Koirala submitted his resignation on August 10, 1952. King Tribhuvan accepted the prime minister’s resignation and announced the creation of a five member advisory council on August 13, 1952. King Tribhuvan dissolved the Advisory Assembly on September 4, 1952. The NPP was reactivated as a political party in Nepal in 1953. Matrieka Prasad Koirala and other dissidents from the NC formed the National Democratic Party (NDP) in June 1953. King Tribhuvan appointed Matrieka Prasad Koirala of the NDP as prime minister on June 15, 1953. Bhim Datta Pant led a peasant uprising against the government in western Nepal. Peasants attacked the government police station in Billauri in western Nepal on July 15, 1953, resulting in the deaths of two government policemen. Prime Minister Matrieka Prasad Koirala requested military assistance from the Indian government on July 19, 1953. The peasant uprising led by Bhim Datta Pant was suppressed by Nepalese and Indian troops in August 1953. Local elections were held in Kathmandu on September 2, 1953, and candidates of the banned CPN won some 50 percent of the vote. On April 13, 1954, King Tribhuvan appointed a 112-member Advisory Assembly, which convened in Kathmandu on May 28, 1954. King Tribhuvan departed for medical treatment in Switzerland on October 3, 1954. The NC, which refused to participate in the Advisory Assembly, launched a civil disobedience movement (Satyagraha) on January 10, 1955. The NC ended its civil disobedience movement (Satyagraha) on January 23, 1955. Prime Minister Matrieka Prasad Koirala submitted his resignation on January 31, 1955, but the Royal Council of State refused to accept the resignation. King Tribhuvan dismissed the Royal Council of State on February 18, 1955, and delegated royal authority to Crown Prince Mahendra Bir Bikram. Crown Prince Mahendra accepted the resignation of Prime Minister Matrieka Prasad Koirala on March 2, 1955. King Tribhuvan died in Zürich, Switzerland on March 13, 1955, and Crown Prince Mahendra became king on March 14, 1955. On May 8, 1955, King Mahendra convened a political conference at the Narayanhiti palace, but the conference was boycotted by the NC, NPP, and NRC. King Mahendra dissolved the Advisory Assembly and took direct control of the government on July 10, 1955. The governments of Nepal and the People’s Republic of China formally established diplomatic relations on August 1, 1955. Former rebel leader, Kunwar Indrajit Singh, returned to Nepal from exile in China and was pardoned by King Mahendra on September 11, 1955. Nepal was formally admitted into the United Nations (UN) on December 14, 1955. The NC elected Subarna Shamsher as party president on January 25, 1956. Tanka Prasad Acharya of the NPP formed a government as prime minister on January 27, 1956. The coronation ceremony for King Mahendra took place in Kathmandu on May 2, 1956. On July 4, 1956, government police arrested the first of 17 individuals, including military officers, who would be accused of plotting to overthrow the government headed by Prime Minister Tanka Prasad Acharya. The Chinese government agreed to provide more than $12 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government on October 7, 1956. On November 29, 1956, a special tribunal sentenced 13 individuals to prison terms for plotting to overthrow the government headed by Prime Minister Tanka Prasad Acharya. On May 1, 1957, the U.S. government agreed to provide more than $4 million in development assistance to the Nepalese government. Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala was elected as president of the NC on May 23, 1957. Prime Minister Tanka Prasad Acharya submitted his resignation to King Mahendra on July 7, 1957. King Mahendra dissolved the government headed by Prime Minister Tanka Prasad Acharya on July 14, 1957. Kunwar Indrajit Singh of the United Democracy Party (Samyukta Prajatantra Party – SPP) formed a government as prime minister on July 26, 1957. The NC, NPP, and NRC formed the Democratic Front (DF) on August 8, 1957. Several opposition leaders, including NC leader Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala, NRC leader Dilli Raman Regmi, and NPP leader Bhadrakali Mishra, were arrested by government police in Janakpur in Dhanusa district on September 16, 1957. On September 30, 1957, the Nepalese government announced the postponement of the national elections which were scheduled for October 8, 1957. King Mahendra dismissed the government of Prime Minister Kunwar Indrajit Singh and assumed direct control of the government on November 14, 1957. The DF launched a civil disobedience campaign in protest of the postponement of the national elections beginning on December 7, 1957. Government police clashed with demonstrators in Kathmandu on December 11, 1957, resulting in injuries to 29 government police officers. King Mahendra formed a government composed of representatives of the DF on February 1, 1958. On February 3, 1958, the U.S. government announced more than $4 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government for the current fiscal year. The DF ended its civil disobedience campaign on February 4, 1958. King Mahendra appointed Subarna Shamsher of the NC as prime minister of a coalition government on May 15, 1958. On May 31, 1958, representatives of the U.S. and Nepalese governments signed an economic cooperation agreement worth more than $2 million, including funding for a gold mining project. The government of the Soviet Union agreed to provide economic assistance to the Nepalese government on June 23, 1958. The Indian government replaced the IMM with the 42-personnel Indian Military Training and Advisory Group (IMTAG) on July 16, 1958. On February 12, 1959, King Mahendra proclaimed a new Nepalese constitution, which established a bicameral legislature consisting of a 109-member lower house (Pratinidhi Sabha) and a 36-member upper house (Maha Sabha). Parliamentary elections were held from February 18 to April 3, 1959, and the NC won 74 out of 109 seats in the House of Representatives. The NRGP won 19 seats in the House of Representatives. On March 24, 1959, the government of the Soviet Union offered $3.5 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government. Representatives of the governments of the Soviet Union and Nepal signed an economic assistance agreement in Kathmandu on April 24, 1959. Prime Minister Subarna Shamsher resigned on May 4, 1959, and Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala of the NC formed a government as prime minister on May 27, 1959. The UDP and other opposition political parties formed the National Democratic Front (NDF) in opposition to the government on June 1, 1959. The new Nepalese constitution went into effect on June 30, 1959. On January 28, 1960, the Indian government agreed to provide more than $29 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government. Representatives of the Nepalese and Chinese government signed the Sino-Nepalese Treaty of Peace and Friendship on April 28, 1960. Government police suppressed a revolt in Bajhang district on September 23, 1960, resulting in the arrests of some 50 individuals. On October 25, 1960, supporters of Yogi Naraharinath (Balbir Singh Thapa) attacked the headquarters of Gorkha district, resulting in the deaths of seven individuals. Yogi Naraharinath was arrested by government police in Jumla district on October 29, 1960. King Mahendra deposed Prime Minister Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala for corruption and misrule, dissolved the parliament, and declared a state-of-emergency on December 15, 1960. Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala and other NC leaders were arrested and imprisoned in Kathmandu. King Mahendra banned political parties on January 5, 1961. Government police clashed with pro-democracy demonstrators in Kathmandu on February 23, 1961. On April 9, 1961, the Nepalese government enacted the Petty States and Rulers (Rajya Rajauta) Act, which abolished Bhajang state and several other princely states (rajya). On June 26, 1961, the U.S. government agreed to provide more than $4 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government. The Chinese government agreed to provide economic assistance to the Nepalese government on October 15, 1961. The NC launched a rebellion against the Nepalese government beginning in December 1961. NC rebels attacked several government police stations in Bokhari district on January 5-12, 1962. King Mahendra survived an attempted assassination in Janakpur on January 22, 1962. On February 6, 1962, the government of the Soviet Union agreed to provide more than $3.5 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government. NC rebels captured Bharatpur and other towns in Chitwan district on February 7-8, 1962, although government troops recaptured the towns on February 9-10, 1962. Government security forces clashed with NC rebels in Hetaura in Makwanpur district on February 11-12, 1962. Local council elections were held in Nepalese villages and towns between February 18 and May 20, 1962. Government police and NC rebels clashed in Koilabas in Dang district on February 22, 1962, resulting in the death of one militant. NC rebels attacked a customs post in Birgunj district on February 23, 1962. Government troops clashed with NC rebels in Changthapu in Panchthar district on March 5, 1962, resulting in the deaths of six government soldiers. Government troops and NC rebels clashed in eastern Nepal on March 23-25, 1962, resulting in the deaths of four rebels and one government soldier. NC rebels captured Thori in Parsa district on April 13, 1962, resulting in the deaths of two government soldiers. On April 26, 1962, the Indian government agreed to provide more than $2 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government. On May 5, 1962, government security forces clashed with NC rebels in Mahottari district, resulting in the deaths of four government security personnel. Later that same month, NC rebels attacked a government police station in Chandraganj in Sarlahi district, resulting in the deaths of two rebels and one government policeman. On June 8, 1962, NC rebels attacked government police stations in Gauraha and Thori in Parsa district, resulting in the deaths of seven rebels. On June 29, 1962, the U.S. government agreed to provide $3.5 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government. On July 26, 1962, NC rebels attacked the government police station in the village of Pipra in Mahottari district, resulting in the deaths of two government policemen. Government security forces and NC rebels clashed near the village of Thori in Parsa district for several days beginning on August 5, 1962, resulting in the deaths of at least seven government security personnel. On August 24, 1962, more than 60 NC leaders and supporters, including Subarna Shumsher and Bharat Shumsher, were sentenced to prison terms by a special tribunal for their involvement in the rebellion against the Nepalese government. On August 27, 1962, NC rebels attacked a government police station in Bhagwanpur in Saptari district, resulting in the deaths of three government policemen. On August 30, 1962, NC rebels attacked a government military barracks in Mandi in Chitawan district, resulting in the deaths of several government soldiers. Government troops and rebels led by Raja Ram Jung clashed in Bhajang district on September 27-28, 1962, resulting in the deaths of eleven rebels. On September 30, 1962, NC rebels attacked government troops in the town of Thori in Parsa district. Subarna Shumsher, leader of the NC, suspended the NC rebellion against the Nepalese government on November 8, 1962. More than 100 individuals were killed during the NC rebellion. King Mahendra extended the state of emergency for an additional year on December 9, 1962, and he proclaimed a new constitution on December 16, 1962. The new constitution provided for the establishment of a non-party political system. King Mahendra appointed Tulsi Giri as prime minister on April 2, 1963. King Mahendra proclaimed the end of the state-of-emergency and the establishment of the Panchayat (“non-party”) system on April 13, 1963.
Post-Crisis Phase (April 14, 1963-February 17, 1990): The 125-member National Panchayat was inaugurated by King Mahendra on April 14, 1963. King Mahendra appointed Surya Bahadur Thapa as prime minister on December 23, 1963. After announcing a non-violent movement against the government, former prime minister Kunwar Indrajit Singh was placed under house arrest on charges of sedition by the government on March 9, 1964. King Mahendra appointed Tulsi Giri as prime minister on February 26, 1964. On March 12, 1964, the Nepalese government announced that it had accepted offers by the U.S. and UK governments to provide limited military assistance to modernize the Nepalese military. On August 5, 1964, former prime minister Kunwar Indrajit Singh was sentenced to two years in prison for sedition. King Mahendra appointed Surya Bahadur Thapa as prime minister on January 26, 1965. On June 14, 1965, former prime minister Kunwar Indrajit Singh was released from prison after the Supreme Court overturned his conviction by a special tribunal on charges of sedition. On August 29, 1965, the Chinese government agreed to provide $28 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government. On September 17, 1966, the U.S. government agreed to provide $1.5 million in economic assistance to the Nepalese government. On June 19, 1968, King Mahendra pardoned 29 individuals who were imprisoned or exiled after he dissolved the parliament in December 1960. On October 30, 1968, former prime minister Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala was released after serving nearly eight years in prison. King Mahendra appointed Kirti Nidhi Bista as prime minister on April 7, 1969. On June 25, 1969, the Nepalese government asked the Indian government to withdraw the IMTAG. King Mahendra appointed Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari as acting prime minister on April 13, 1970. The Indian government completed the withdrawal of the IMTAG on August 18, 1970. Parliamentary elections were held in 1971, and independents won 109 out of 109 elected seats in the parliament (Rastriya Panchayat). King Mahendra appointed Kirti Nidhi Bista as prime minister on April 14, 1971. Prime Minister Kirti Nidhi Bista submitted his resignation on August 26, 1971, but he was reappointed as prime minster by King Mahendra on August 29, 1971. Prince Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev assumed the throne following the death of his father, King Mahendra, on January 31, 1972. On August 16, 1972, government police clashed with students demonstrating in support of political reforms in Kathmandu. Prime Minister Kirti Nidhi Bista submitted his resignation on July 16, 1973, and King Birendra appointed Nagendra Prasad Rijal as prime minister. The Nepal Workers and Peasants Party (Nepal Majdoor Kisan Party – NMKP) was established by Narayan Man Bijukchhe on January 23, 1975. The official coronation ceremony for King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev was held in Kathmandu on February 24, 1975. King Birendra appointed Tulsi Giri as prime minister on December 1, 1975. On December 30, 1976, former prime minister Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala returned to Nepal from exile in India to face charges of treason and sedition. Prime Minister Tulsi Giri resigned on September 9, 1977. King Birendra appointed Kirti Nidhi Bista as prime minister on September 12, 1977. On September 17, 1977, government police clashed with protesters in Ridikot in Achham district, resulting in the deaths of four protesters. On November 8, 1977, former prime minister Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala was arrested in Kathmandu after returning to Nepal from the U.S. for medical treatment. University students began a boycott of classes in Kathmandu on April 6, 1979. On April 9, 1979, a nine-member Central Action Committee was established, consisting of students representing the Nepal National Student Federation (NNSF), Nepal Bidhyarthi Sangh (NBS), and All Nepal National Free Students Union (ANNFSU). The government closed all universities in Kathmandu on April 24, 1979. On April 27, 1979, former prime minister Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala was placed under house arrest following violent clashes between government police and students in Hetauda in Makwanpur district. On May 2, 1979, King Birendra established a five-member commission chaired by Supreme Court Chief Justice Dhanendra Bahadur Singh to address the demands made by student protesters. On May 3, 1979, King Birendra released 160 students who had been arrested during recent protests. After more than four weeks of students demonstrations in Kathmandu resulting in the deaths of at least ten individuals, former prime minister Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala was released from house arrest and another 64 students were released from detention on May 9, 1979. On May 24, 1979, King Birendra announced that a referendum would be held to decide between a multi-party system and the Panchayat system. King Birendra appointed Surya Bahadur Thapa as prime minister on May 30, 1979. On April 23, 1980, government police shot and killed one individual during clashes between supporters and opponents of the Nepalese monarchy in the town of Pokhara in Kaski district. The Panchayat system was supported by some 55 percent of the voters in a referendum held on May 2, 1980. King Birendra established the 11-member Constitutional Reform Commission (CRC) on May 21, 1980. Surya Bahadur Thapa formed a government as prime minister June 1, 1980. The CRC submitted a report in September 1980. King Birendra announced a constitutional amendment on December 15, 1980, providing for universal adult franchise and the election of the prime minister in the parliament. Parliamentary elections were held on May 9, 1981, and non-partisan candidates (independents) won 112 out of 112 elected seats in the parliament (Rastriya Panchayat). The NC and other opposition political parties boycotted the parliamentary elections. Surya Bahadur Thapa formed a government as prime minister on June 16, 1981. Former Prime Minister and NC leader Bisheshwar Prashad Koirala died in Kathmandu on July 21, 1982. Former prime minister Kunwar Indrajit Singh died in Bangkok, Thailand on October 4, 1982. Prime Minister Thapa resigned on July 11, 1983. King Birendra appointed Lokendra Bahadur Chand as prime minister on July 12, 1983. On November 4, 1984, several hundred members of the NC were arrested by government police for attending a political meeting. The NC organized a nationwide civil disobedience campaign (Satyagraha) against the government beginning on May 23, 1985. Some 12,000 NC members and supporters were imprisoned. Eight individuals were killed in terrorist bombings at the Royal Palace, Annapurna Hotel, and other locations in Katmandu on June 20, 1985. One of the groups that later claimed responsibility for the bombings was the National Democratic Front (Nepal Janabadi Morcha -NJM). After the bombings, the NC ended its nationwide civil disobedience campaign (Satyagraha). Prime Minister Chand resigned on March 20, 1986. King Birendra appointed Nagendra Prasad Rijal as interim prime minister on March 21, 1986. Parliamentary elections were held on May 12, 1986, and non-partisan candidates (independents) won 112 out of 112 elected seats in the parliament (Rastriya Panchayat). King Birendra appointed Marich Man Singh Shrestha as prime minister on June 15, 1986. The Indian government imposed economic sanctions (trade embargo) against Nepal on March 23, 1989.
Crisis Phase (February 18, 1990-February 12, 1996): The NC and several communist groups established the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) in opposition to the government on February 18, 1990. Government police and demonstrators clashed in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Jaddukuha on February 18-19, 1990, resulting in the deaths of eleven individuals. Government police fired on demonstrators in Kathmandu on March 30-31, 1990, resulting in the deaths of six individuals. Government police fired on demonstrators in Kirtipur in Kathmandu district on April 2, 1990, resulting in the deaths of five individuals. King Birendra dismissed Prime Minister Marich Man Singh Shrestha and appointed Lokendra Bahadur Chand as prime minister on April 6, 1990. Government police fired on demonstrators near the royal palace in Kathmandu on April 6, 1990, resulting in the deaths of some 150 individuals. King Birendra lifted the ban on political parties and proclaimed a multiparty system on April 8, 1990. King Birendra appointed Krishna Prasad Bhattarai of the NC as prime minister on April 19, 1990. Government police and demonstrators clashed in Kathmandu on April 23, 1990, resulting in the deaths of six government policemen. King Birendra granted amnesty for political prisoners on May 17, 1990. The National Democratic Party (Rashtriya Prajatantra Party – RPP) was established by former prime ministers Surya Bahadur Thapa and Lokendra Bahadur Chand May 29, 1990. The Indian government lifted economic sanctions (trade embargo) against Nepal on July 1, 1990. King Birendra approved the CRC’s draft constitution, which established a multiparty democratic system under a constitutional monarchy, on September 10, 1990, and the constitution went into effect on November 9, 1990. Parliamentary elections were held on May 12, 1991, and the NC won 110 out of 205 seats in the House of Representatives. The Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist and Leninist (CPN-UML) won 69 seats in the House of Representatives. Girija Prasad Koirala of the NC formed a government as prime minister on May 26, 1991. The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) sent eight observers to monitor the parliamentary elections, as a part of a 65-member multinational observation group coordinated by the Nepal Election Observation Committee (NEOC). The International Federation of Human Rights (IFHR) sent two observers to monitor the election process from May 8 to May 16, 1991. Twelve individuals were killed in political violence in Kathmandu on April 6-12, 1992. Local elections were held in May and June 1992. Twenty-five individuals were killed in political violence in Kathmandu on June 25-29, 1993. Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala submitted his resignation to King Birendra on July 10, 1994, and King Birendra dissolved the House of Representatives on July 11, 1994. Parliamentary elections were held on November 15, 1994, and the CPN-UML won 88 out of 205 seats in the House of Representatives. The NC won 83 seats in the House of Representatives. Five individuals were killed in political violence on November 16, 1994. Man Mohan Adhikari, leader of the CPN-UML, formed a coalition government as prime minister on November 29, 1994. King Birendra dissolved the House of Representatives on June 13, 1995, but the Supreme Court nullified the dissolution on August 28, 1995. Prime Minister Mohan Adhikari resigned after a vote of no-confidence on September 10, 1995. The NC, RPP, and the Nepal Sadbhavana Party (NSP) formed a coalition government headed by Sher Bahadur Deuba as prime minister on September 12, 1995.
Conflict Phase (February 13, 1996-November 21, 2006): The armed forces of the Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-Maoist), known as the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), launched a rebellion against the Nepalese government on February 13, 1996. Government police suppressed and detained demonstrators in Kathmandu on March 17, 1996. On March 17, 1996, the London-based human right non-governmental organization, Amnesty International, condemned the government for the detentions of Nepalese demonstrators. The government headed by Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba lost a vote of confidence in the House of Representatives on March 10, 1997. Lokendra Bahadur Chand formed a RPP-UML-NSP coalition government as prime minister on March 12, 1997. Former prime minister Matrieka Prasad Koirala died on September 11, 1997. Prime Minister Chand lost a vote of no-confidence in the House of Representatives on October 4, 1997, and Surya Bahadur Thapa of the RPP formed a coalition government on October 6, 1997. Prime Minister Thapa resigned on April 10, 1998, and Girija Prasad Koirala of the NC formed a minority government on April 15, 1998. Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala formed a coalition government with the UML and NSP on December 23, 1998. Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala won a vote of no-confidence in the House of Representatives on January 14, 1999, but King Birendra dissolved the House of Representatives on January 15, 1999. Yadu Gautam, leader of the CPN-UML, was assassinated by Maoist rebels on March 5, 1999. On March 19, 1999, government police clashed with Maoist rebels in Kavrepalanchok district, resulting in the deaths of seven rebels. Government police clashed with Maoist rebels in Sindhuli district on March 20, 1999, resulting in the deaths of five rebels. On May 2, 1999, government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in the districts of Kalikot and Jumla, resulting in the deaths of five individuals. Parliamentary elections were held on May 3 and May 17, 1999, and the NC won 111 out of 205 seats in the House of Representatives. The CPN-UML won 71 seats in the House of Representatives. The Maoists called for a boycott of the parliamentary elections. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, leader of the NC, was sworn in as prime minister on May 31, 1999. On June 16, 1999, Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Jajarkot district, resulting in the deaths of four government policemen and four civilians. On November 29, 1999, Prime Minister, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai offered a conditional amnesty to Maoist rebels who renounced violence. Government police and supporters of opposition political parties clashed in Kathmandu on December 9, 1999, resulting in the deaths of two individuals. The British government provided military assistance to the Nepalese government beginning in 2000. On February 14, 2000, London-based human rights non-governmental organization, Amnesty International, condemned the Nepalese government for executing hundreds of suspected Maoist rebels, including individuals who had been arrested or who had surrendered. On February 22, 2000, government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in Rukum district, resulting in the deaths of 12 rebels. Prime Minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai resigned on March 16, 2000. On April 5, 2000, government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in two districts in western Nepal, resulting in the deaths of five government policemen in Rukum district and four government policemen in Pyuthan district. On April 13, 2000, six government policemen were killed when their vehicle hit a landmine in Salyan district. Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Jajarkot district on June 8, 2000, resulting in the deaths of nine government policemen, seven civilians, and 21 rebels. On September 25, 2000, Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Dunai in Dolpa district, resulting in the deaths of at least 12 government policemen. The U.S. government provided military assistance (military equipment, weapons, military advisors, and military training) to the Nepalese government beginning in 2001. Maoist rebels attacked a convoy of vehicles in Chhyasatti in Surkhet district on February 3, 2001, resulting in the deaths of six individuals. Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Rukum district on April 1, 2001, resulting in the deaths of 31 policemen. The same day, government security forces clashes with Maoist rebels in Dolakha district, resulting in the deaths of five government policemen and three rebels. Government police and communist demonstrators clashed in Lamjung district on May 27-29, 2001, resulting in the deaths of two individuals. Crown Prince Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev killed King Birendra and seven other members of the royal family on June 1, 2001. Crown Prince Dipendra died of self-inflicted wounds on June 4, 2001. Prince Gyanendra Shah was named acting king by the State Council on June 2, 2001. On July 6, 2001, Maoist rebels attacked several government police stations in three districts, resulting in the deaths of 22 government policemen in Lamjung district and nine government policemen in Nuwukot district. On July 13, 2001, government troops clashed with Maoist rebels in Rolpa district, resulting in the deaths of several rebels. Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala resigned on July 19, 2001, and Sher Bahadur Deuba of the NC was appointed as prime minister on July 22, 2001. Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Bajura district on July 22, 2001, resulting in the deaths of 17 government policemen. On July 23, 2001, government officials and Maoist rebels announced a temporary ceasefire so that the parties could engage in negotiations. Government and Maoist representatives held negotiations between August 30 and November 13, 2001. Maoist rebels withdrew from the four-month old ceasefire with the government on November 21, 2001. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in the districts of Dang and Solu on November 23, 2001, resulting in the deaths of 50 government policemen and 18 government soldiers. Some 80 Maoist rebels were killed in clashes with government security forces on November 23-24, 2001. King Gyanendra declared a nationwide state-of-emergency on November 26, 2001. Maoist rebels killed four government policemen on November 27, 2001. Some 45,000 government troops launched a military offensive against Maoist rebels on November 27, 2001. The governments of China and India expressed support for the Nepalese government on November 29, 2001. The Indian government agreed to provide military assistance to the Nepalese government on November 29, 2001. On February 5, 2002, Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Kavre district, resulting in the deaths of 16 government policemen and seven rebels. On February 9, 2002, Maoist rebels attacked the headquarters of Achham district, resulting in the deaths of 81 government policemen and 55 government soldiers. On February 15, 2002, two factions of the CPN – the United Marxist-Leninist (UML) and the Marxist-Leninist (ML) – reunited four years after they split. Government troops clashes with Maoist rebels in Mangalsen in Acham district on February 17, 2002, resulting in the deaths of 48 government soldiers and 49 government policemen. On February 21, 2002, the Nepalese government extended the state of emergency for another three months. The Indian government offered military assistance (military equipment and training) to the Nepalese government on March 21, 2002. On April 11, 2002, Maoist rebels attacked government police stations in Dang district, resulting in the deaths of 48 government policemen and six civilians. On May 2-3, 2002, government troops clashed with Maoist rebels in the districts of Doti and Rolpa, resulting in the deaths of some 100 rebels and three government soldiers. On May 22, 2002, King Gyanendra dissolved the House of Representatives and called for new parliamentary elections. Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba was expelled from the NC on May 26, 2002. Government troops killed ten Maoist rebels in west Nepal on August 22, 2002. The state of emergency expired on August 28, 2002. Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Bhimad in Sindhuli district on September 7, 2002, resulting in the deaths of 49 government policemen. Maoist rebels attacked the town of Sandhikharka in Arghakhanchi district on September 8, 2002, resulting in the deaths of 58 individuals. Maoist rebels ambushed and killed nine government policemen in Siraha district on September 13, 2002. The Maoists called for a nationwide strike on September 16, 2002. King Gyanendra dismissed the government headed by Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and assumed executive authority on October 4, 2002. Some 3,000 individuals demonstrated against King Gyanendra in Kathmandu on October 8, 2002. King Gyanendra appointed Lokendra Bahadur Chand of the RPP as prime minister on October 11, 2002. Maoist rebels attacked the Rumjatar airport in Okhaldhunga district on October 27, 2002, resulting in the deaths of three government soldiers. Government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in the districts of Jumla and Gorkha on November 14, 2002, resulting in the deaths of three civilians, 22 government policemen, four government soldiers, and at least 55 rebels. Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Koilabas in Dang district on December 18, 2002, resulting in the deaths of six government policemen. Maoist rebels killed five government security personnel in Gawar on January 3, 2003. The Belgian government provided military assistance (weapons) to the Nepalese government beginning in 2003. On January 13, 2003, government troops clashed with Maoist rebels in Bhojpur district, resulting in the deaths of 15 rebels. Maoist rebels ambushed and killed two government policemen in Girighat in Surkhet district on January 23, 2003. Maoist rebels killed Krishna Mohan Shrestha, chief of the government police force, and two other civilians in Kathmandu on January 26, 2003. The Nepalese government and Maoist rebels agreed to an indefinite ceasefire and resumption of negotiations on January 29, 2003. On March 13, 2003, representatives of the government and Maoist rebels agreed on a 22-point code of conduct, including stopping violence by both sides, releasing prisoners of war, refraining from kidnappings, and permitting refugees to return to their homes. Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand resigned on May 30, 2003. Surya Bahadur Thapa of the RPP was sworn in as prime minister on June 5, 2003. Government security forces launched an offensive against Maoist rebels in Ramechhap district on August 17, 2003, resulting in the deaths of 39 rebels, seven government soldiers, and five government policemen. Maoist rebels unilaterally ended the ceasefire with the Nepalese government on August 27, 2003. Maoist rebels ambushed a government police station in Rupandehi on August 31, 2003, resulting in the deaths of four policemen. On September 2, 2003, Maoist rebels ambushed a government police station in Siraha, resulting in the deaths of two policemen. Eight civilians were killed in bombings in Kathmandu on September 8, 2003. Maoist rebels killed six civilians in Kathmandu on September 12, 2003. Fifteen individuals, including eight Maoist rebels and six government policemen, were killed during clashes in Khotang district and other locations on September 27, 2003. On October 13, 2003, Maoist rebels attacked a government police training center in Bhaluwang, resulting in the deaths of 42 policemen and nine rebels. Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Danda Nak in Kaski district on October 28, 2003, resulting in the deaths of seven government security personnel and two civilians. Maoist rebels ambushed and killed at least ten government security personnel in Simara in Bara district on November 2, 2003. Maoist rebels ambushed and killed four government security personnel in Bhainse in Makwanpur district on November 15, 2003. Eleven government soldiers were killed by landmines in the districts of Kapilavastu and Bardiya on December 17, 2003. In 2004, the Terai People’s Liberation Front (Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha – JTMM) was established in support of autonomy for the Terai region. Maoist rebels killed two civilians in Bahuaari in Birgunj district on January 15, 2004. On February 17, 2004, government troops clashed with Maoist rebels in Kalikot district, resulting in the deaths of some 60 rebels. Government security forces and Maoist rebels clashed in Bhojpur district on March 2-3, 2004, resulting in the deaths of 32 government security personnel and ten rebels. Maoist rebels attacked targets in Myagdi district on March 20-21, 2004, resulting in the deaths of 51 government security personnel and 20 civilians. On April 4, 2004, Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Jadukhola in Dhanusha district, resulting in the deaths of 13 policemen and nine rebels. On April 5, 2004, three government soldiers were killed when their vehicle struck a landmine in Dolakha district. The same day, the CPN-Maoist called for a three-day national strike against the Nepalese monarchy. Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa resigned on May 7, 2004. Maoist rebels killed eight government security personnel and seven civilians in a passenger bus attack in Mainapokhari in Dolakha district on May 9, 2004. Maoist rebels killed six government soldiers and policemen in the district of Dhading on May 11, 2004. Government police and Maoist rebels clashed in Bhojpur district on May 12, 2004, resulting in the deaths of 16 rebels and two government policemen. Sher Bahadur Deuba was re-appointed as prime minister on June 4, 2004. At least 22 government security personnel were killed in a landmine explosion in Khairikhola in Banke district on June 14, 2004. Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba formed a coalition government on July 5, 2004. Twelve government policemen and one civilian were killed in a landmine explosion in the village of Bindhyabasini in Parsa district on July 5, 2004. Government troops and Maoist rebels clashed in western Nepal on July 6, 2004, resulting in the deaths of eleven government soldiers and eleven rebels. Government troops launched a military offensive against Maoist rebels in Achham district beginning on August 10, 2004. Eight government policemen were killed in landmine explosions in Banke district on November 17, 2004. Maoist rebels killed at least ten government security personnel in Kailali district on November 21, 2004. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Kapilavastu district on December 4, 2004, resulting in the deaths of six government security personnel. Maoist rebels killed 21 government security personnel in Sisnekhola in in Arghakhanchi district on December 15, 2004. Government security forces killed 16 Maoist rebels in Dailekh district on December 16, 2004. Government security forces clashes with Maoist rebels in Bardiya district on December 22, 2004, resulting in the deaths of five government security personnel, five civilians, and eight rebels. Government troops clashed with Maoist rebels in Dhankuta district on January 1, 2005, resulting in the deaths of at least twelve government soldiers. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Bangaon in Kanchanpur district on January 2, 2005, resulting in the deaths of five government policemen. On January 9, 2005, government security forces clashes with Maoist rebels near Tallo Dungeshwor in Dailekh district, resulting in the deaths of at least three rebels. On January 14, 2005, three civilians and one government security personnel were killed in a Maoist bombing in Ganja Bhawani in Bara district. On January 15, 2005, government security personnel clashed with Maoist rebels near Raniban in Dailekh district, resulting in the deaths of at least two rebels. On January 16, 2005, government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels near Basti in Darchula district, resulting in the deaths of at least five rebels. The same day, government security forces killed two Maoist rebels in the village of Sitapur in Siraha district. On January 19, 2005, government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels near Barbote in Ilam district, resulting in the deaths of at least 20 government security personnel and six rebels. On January 21, 2005, Maoist rebels killed one government policeman in Milanchowk in Rupandehi district. On January 24, 2005, Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Haripur in Sarlahi district, resulting in the deaths of at least three government policemen. On January 25, 2005, Maoist rebels attacked a government military barracks in Mangalsen in Achham district, resulting in the deaths of at least two Maoist rebels. On January 26, 2005, Maoist rebels ambushed government security forces near Bhyaple in Parbat district, resulting in the deaths of at least five government security personnel and one civilian. On January 30, 2005, government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels near Chisapani in Dhanusha district, resulting in the deaths of at last 14 rebels and one government security personnel. On January 31, 2005, Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Chaulikka in Nepalgunj district, resulting in the deaths of two government policemen, one rebels, and one civilian. King Gyanendra dismissed the government of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and declared a state-of-emergency on February 1, 2005. Former Prime Minister Deuba was placed under house arrest by police. The CPN-Maoist called for a three-day general strike beginning on February 3, 2005. On February 7, 2005, government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in the districts of Dailekh and Achham, resulting in the deaths of at least five rebels. On February 10, 2005, government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in Rajapur in Bardia district, resulting in the deaths of two rebels. Maoist rebels blocked highways throughout the country on February 13-27, 2005. The governments of India, UK, and the U.S. government imposed military sanctions (suspension of military assistance and arms embargo) against the Nepalese government on February 22, 2005. On February 23, 2005, the European Parliament adopted a resolution condemning the “royal coup” in Nepal and urged King Gyanendra to lift the state of emergency. On February 27, 2005, Maoists attacked government security forces in the districts of Bara and Solukhumbu, resulting in the deaths of at least ten government soldiers. On March 6, 2005, Maoist rebels killed five civilians in the village of Kudarmatewa in Kapilavastu district. On April 7-8, 2005, Maoist rebels attacked a government military base in Khara in Rukum district, resulting in the deaths of approximately 300 rebels and three government soldiers. Government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in Dalphing in Rukum district on April 13, 2005, resulting in the deaths of some 60 rebels. On April 16, 2005, Maoist rebels killed ten civilians in Baragdawa in Nawalparasi district. On April 23, 2005, five children were killed in a bomb explosion in Pakhapani in Rolpa district. King Gyanendra lifted the state-of-emergency on April 30, 2005. The UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) established a human rights monitoring mission involving some 50 monitors in Nepal on May 7, 2005. The Indian government lifted military sanctions (arms embargo) against the Nepalese government on May 10, 2005. On May 15, 2005, government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in Jarayatar in Sindhuli district, resulting in the deaths of at least 50 rebels and two government soldiers. The Chinese government provided military assistance to the Nepalese government beginning in June 2005, including five armored personnel carriers, weapons, and ammunition. On June 6, 2005, a passenger bus hit a landmine in Mudhekhola in Chitwan district, resulting in the deaths of at least 36 civilians and three government soldiers. That same day, Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Kailali district, resulting in the deaths of seven government security personnel. On June 10, 2005, Maoist rebels attacked a passenger bus near Mangaltar in Kavre district, resulting in the deaths of six government soldiers and two civilians. On June 14, 2005, Maoist rebels killed seven civilians in Attariya in Kailali district. On June 19, 2005, Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Diktel in Khotang district, resulting in the deaths of at least five government soldiers. On June 24, 2005, Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Pandhare in Bhojpur district, resulting in the deaths of eight government soldiers and one government policeman. On June 25, 2005, Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Khandaha in Arghakhanchi district, resulting in the deaths of at least 12 government soldiers. On July 6, 2005, the Indian government sent its first shipment of military equipment to Nepal since lifting military sanctions. On July 22, 2005, Maoist rebels ambushed government security forces near Goltakuri Rajkot in Dang district, resulting in the deaths of at least seven government soldiers. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Pili in Kalikot district on August 7, 2005, resulting in the deaths of some 50 government soldiers. On August 22, 2005, four government security personnel were killed when their vehicle hit a landmine in Manigram in Rupandehi district. On August 26, 2005, five government security personnel were killed when their vehicle hit an improvised explosive device (IED) in Khairanpur in Kapilavastu district. Maoist rebels declared a unilateral ceasefire on September 3, 2005. On November 22, 2005, several political parties signed an agreement to “end the absolute Monarchy and establish full democracy.” Maoist rebels ended their unilateral ceasefire on January 2, 2006. Maoist rebels attacked government security personnel in Nepalgunj in Banke district on January 5, 2006, resulting in the deaths of three government security personnel. Maoist rebels attacked targets in Dhangadhi in Kailali district on January 11, 2006, resulting in the deaths of seven government security personnel. Maoist rebels attacked a government police station and other locations in Nepalgunj in Banke district on January 20-24, 2006, resulting in the deaths of eight government security personnel, one rebel, and one civilian. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Hatuwagadhi in Bhojpur district on January 27, 2006, resulting in the deaths of eleven rebels and two government security personnel. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Tansen in Palpa district on January 31, 2006, resulting in the deaths of eleven government security personnel and four rebels. Tribeni Majhi, a candidate for the Nepal Sadbhawana Party (NSP) was killed by gunmen at his home in Biratnagar in Morang district on February 2, 2006. Maoist rebels attacked government administrative facilities in Dhankuta district on February 7, 2006, resulting in the deaths of five government soldiers. The same day, five government security personnel by Maoist rebels in Triyuga in Udayapur district. Local elections, which were boycotted by opposition political groups, were held on February 8, 2006. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Nawalparasi district on February 9, 2006, resulting in the deaths of 16 government security personnel, four rebels, and one civilian. Government troops launched a military offensive against Maoist rebels in the districts of Palpa and Nawalparasi beginning on February 16, 2006. Government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in the districts of Arghakhanchi and Palpa on February 28, 2006, resulting in the deaths of 18 rebels and 11 government security personnel. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Ilam district on March 6, 2006, resulting in the deaths of three government security personnel, four rebels, and two civilians. Maoist rebels attacked government troops in Bharatpur in Chitwan district on March 8, 2006, resulting in the deaths of two government soldiers. Government soldiers clashed with Maoist rebels in Ilam district on March 10, 2006, resulting in the deaths of seven government soldiers. Maoist rebels ambushed government troops in Kavre district on March 20, 2006, resulting in the deaths of 13 government soldiers. Maoist rebels attacked a government police station in Birtamod in Jhapa district on March 21, 2006, resulting in the deaths of nine government policemen and three rebels. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in Urlabari in Morang district on March 22, 2006, resulting in the deaths of two government policemen and three rebels. Pro-democracy protests took place in Kathmandu from April 4 to April 24, 2006. Government police clashed with Maoist rebels in Malangwa in Sarlahi district on April 5, 2006, resulting in the deaths of five government policemen and four rebels. Maoist rebels attacked government security forces in the districts of Butwal and Kapilavastu on April 7, 2006, resulting in the deaths of four rebels and two civilians. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan appealed for negotiations between the parties on April 13, 2006. Maoist rebels attacked government military bases in Chautara in Sindhupalchowk district on April 23, 2006, resulting in the deaths of five rebels, one government soldier, and three civilians. King Gyanendra reinstated the House of Representatives on April 24, 2006. King Gyanendra appointed Girija Prasad Koirala of the NC as prime minister on April 25, 2006. Maoist rebels attacked government police stations in the districts of Rupandehi and Kapilavastu on April 29, 2006, resulting in the deaths of four rebels and two civilians. The same day, eight government soldiers were killed by landmines in Tamghas in Gulmi district. The government declared a ceasefire with Maoist rebels on May 3, 2006. Representatives of the government and Maoist rebels began negotiations on May 26, 2006. On August 25, 2006, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed Ian Martin of the UK as a personal representative to facilitate negotiations between the government and Maoist rebels. Representatives of the Nepalese government and Maoist rebels signed a peace agreement on November 21, 2006. More than 17,000 individuals were killed and more than 100,000 individuals were displaced during the conflict.
Post-Conflict Phase (November 22, 2006-February 8, 2016): Representatives of the Nepalese government and Maoist rebels signed the Agreement on Monitoring of Management of Arms and Armies (AMMAA) on November 28, 2006. An interim constitution went into effect on January 15, 2007. Groups representing the Madhesi ethnic community in southern Nepal, which comprise more than one-third of the country’s population, protested against the interim government between January 19 and February 28, 2007, resulting in the deaths of 24 individuals. On January 23, 2007, the UN Security Council established the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) to monitor the disarmament of rebels, to monitor the ceasefire, to provide electoral assistance, and to monitor human rights conditions. At maximum strength, UNMIN consisted of a maximum of 186 civilian arms monitors from 41 countries. Ian Martin of the UK was appointed as UN Special Representative and Head of UNMIN on February 8, 2007. Some 27 individuals were killed in political violence in the town of Gaur on March 21, 2007. Nine individuals were killed by bomb explosions in Bhutuke in Palpa district on May 29, 2007. Three individuals were killed in bombings in Kathmandu on September 2, 2007. Some 20 individuals were killed in political violence in southern Nepal on September 16-20, 2007. The Maoists withdrew from the interim government on September 18, 2007. On December 17, 2007, the Madhesi People’s Rights Forum, Nepal (Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal – MJFN) and the Nepal Sadbhawana Party (NSP) formed an alliance known as the United Madhesi Front (Samyukta Madhesi Morcha – SMM). The SMM launched a protest movement in the Terai region beginning on December 26, 2007. The United Democratic Madhesi Front (Samyukta Loktantrik Madhesi Morcha – SLMM) was established when the Terai Madhesh Democratic Party (Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party – TMLP) joined the SMM in the Madhesi protest movement in the Terai region on February 9, 2008. On February 28, 2008, the SLMM ended a 16-day general strike in the Terai region after signing an agreement with the government that allotted the Madhesi community thirty percent of the seats in the Constituent Assembly. Ten individuals, including four UNMIN arms monitors, died in a helicopter crash in Ramechhap district on March 3, 2008. Three individuals, including a candidate representing the National People’s Front (NPF), were killed in political violence on March 18-19, 2008. Government police killed six Maoists during clashes in Dang district on April 8, 2008. Two individuals were killed in political violence in Surkhet on April 8-9, 2008. Some 23 individuals were killed in pre-election violence throughout Nepal. Elections were held on April 10, 2008, and the CPN-Maoists won 220 out of 575 elected seats in the Constituent Assembly. The NC won 110 in the Constituent Assembly. The European Union (EU) sent 120 observers from 24 countries – including ten election experts, 40 long-term observers, and 70 short-term observers – led by Jan Mulder from the Netherlands to monitor the elections from March 2 to May 10, 2008. The European Parliament (EP) also sent a seven member delegation headed by Josep Borrell Fontelles from Spain to monitor the elections. The Japanese government sent 24 observers to monitor the elections from March 28 to April 17, 2008. The Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL) sent five core team members, 20 long-term observers, and 80 short-term observers from 24 countries led by General Saiyud Kerdphol of Thailand to monitor the elections from February 22 to April 24, 2008. The Atlanta-based NGO, The Carter Center, sent 13 long-term observers and 62 short-term observers from more than 20 countries to monitor the elections from March 9 to April 12, 2008. One politician from the RPP was killed in political violence on April 18, 2008. The Constituent Assembly convened and formally voted to abolished the Nepalese monarchy on May 28, 2008. The Constituent Assembly proclaimed the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal and elected Ram Baran Yadav of the NC as president on July 21, 2008. Ram Baran Yadav was sworn in as president on July 23, 2008. The Constituent Assembly elected Pushpa Kamal Dahal (“Prachanda”) of the CPN-Maoists as prime minister on August 15, 2008. Pushpa Kamal Dahal was sworn in as prime minister on August 18, 2008. Three individuals were killed in a bombing in Rautahat district on October 14, 2008. Karin Landgren of Sweden replaced Ian Martin of the UK as UN Special Representative and Head of UNMIN on February 6, 2009. Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal resigned on May 4, 2009, and Madhav Kumar Nepal of the CPN-UML was elected by the Constituent Assembly on May 23, 2009. Two individuals were killed in a bombing of a Roman Catholic Church in Kathmandu on May 23, 2009. Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal was sworn in by the president on May 25, 2009. The government of India agreed to resume military assistance to the government on December 7, 2009. The CPN-Maoists staged a nationwide general strike in protest against the government on May 1-7, 2010. Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal announced his resignation on June 30, 2010. UNMIN was disbanded on January 15, 2011. Jhala Nath Khanal of the CPN-UML was elected prime minister by the Constituent Assembly on February 3, 2011. Prime Minister Jhala Nath Khanal resigned on August 14, 2011, and Baburam Bhattarai of the CPN-Maoists was elected prime minister by the Constituent Assembly on August 28, 2011. On September 4, 2011, Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai appointed several individuals to his cabinet, including seven Maoists. The United Ethnic Liberation Front (Samyukta Jatiya Mukti Morcha – SJMM) claimed responsibility for exploding a bomb near the central offices of the Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC) in Kathmandu on February 27, 2012, resulting in the deaths of three individuals. On April 30, 2012, the JTMM took responsibility for a bomb explosion at a political rally in Janakpur, which resulted in the deaths of at least four individuals. On May 3, 2012, all of Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai’s cabinet ministers resigned so that the prime minister could appoint a “national consensus” government. The Constituent Assembly failed to adopt a new constitution before its dissolution on May 28, 2012. On May 28, 2012, three political parties withdrew from the governing coalition led by Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai. On June 19, 2012, a hard-line faction of the CPN-Maoists led by Khadga Bahadur Bishwakarma announced that it had established a new political party. On March 14, 2013, Khil Raj Regmi, Chief Justice of Nepal, was sworn in as interim prime minister following the resignation of Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai. The Nepal Supreme Court suspended the government’s attempt to establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate war crimes committed during the civil war. Elections were held on November 19, 2013, and the NC won 196 out of 575 elected seats in the Constituent Assembly (Sambidhan Sabha). The CPN-UML won 175 seats in the Constituent Assembly. The EU sent 34 long-term observers and 40 short-term observers to monitor the elections from October 17 to November 20, 2013. The Japanese government sent observers to monitor the constituent assembly elections. The Atlanta-based NGO, The Carter Center, sent 12 long-term observers and 54 short-term observers led by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and former Deputy Prime Minister Surakiart Sathirathai of Thailand to monitor the constituent assembly elections from September 25 to November 20, 2013. The ANFREL sent ten long-term observers and 40 short-term observers from 22 countries to monitor the elections from October 25 to December 5, 2013. The CPN-Maoists boycotted the elections for the Constituent Assembly. On February 10, 2014, the Constituent Assembly elected Sushil Prasad Koirala of the NC as prime minister with the support of members of the CPN-UML. On February 28, 2015, government police clashed with protesters in Kathmandu opposed to the government’s proposed new constitution. On June 9, 2015, representatives of the four main political parties in Nepal signed an agreement on the framework for a new constitution that would divide the country into eight provinces. On August 24, 2015, government police clashed with protesters, mainly from the Tharu community, in Tikapur in Kailali district, resulting in the deaths of six government policemen and three protesters. The next day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India “appealed to the government, all political parties and the people of Nepal to eschew violence and maintain social harmony.” In addition, Rupert Colville, spokesperson for the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), urged the Nepalese government “to create a climate where minority or dissenting views or beliefs are respected, and security forces only employ force as a last resort.” On September 1, 2015, government police clashed with Madhesi protesters in the districts of Parsa and Bara, resulting in the deaths of five protesters. On September 3, 2015, UN spokesperson Stephane Dujarric said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon “urges all to refrain from the use of force, denounce violence in all forms and engage in dialogue.” On September 11, 2015, government police clashed with protesters in the districts of Mahottari and Dhanusha, resulting in the deaths of one government policeman and three protesters. On September 16, 2015, government police clashed with protesters in southern Nepal, resulting in the deaths of four protesters. The Constituent Assembly adopted a new constitution on September 16, 2015. Sixty-six members of the Constituent Assembly, representing the Tharu and Madhesi communities, abstained in the vote on the new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was converted into a unicameral legislature after the constitution was promulgated by President Ram Baran Yadav on September 20, 2015. The SLMM, which demanded amendments to Nepal’s constitution, launched a blockade of the highways between southern Nepal and India beginning on September 23, 2015. The blockade caused significant delays in imports of petroleum, medicines, and other items from India. On September 24, 2015, the Indian government urged the Nepalese government to address the concerns of the ethnic Madhesi community regarding the new constitution. The Nepalese government accused the Indian government of imposing an “undeclared blockade” against Nepal, but the Indian government denied the accusation on October 1, 2015. Prime Minister Sushil Prasad Koirala resigned on October 10, 2015, and Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli of the CPN-UML was elected prime minister by the unicameral legislature on October 11, 2015. Bidya Devi Bhandari of the CPN-UML was elected president by Nepal’s electoral college with 60 percent of the vote on October 28, 2015. On November 1, 2015, government police clashed with ethnic Madhesi protesters in Birgunj in Parsa district, resulting in the death of one individual. On November 11, 2015, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appealed to all sides to lift the blockade at the India-Nepal border. On November 21-22, 2015, government police clashed with ethnic Madhesi protesters in Saptari district, resulting in the death of one protester in Bhardaha, one protester in Rupani, and one protester in Rajbiraj. On December 20, 2015, government police clashed with ethnic Madhesi protesters in the town of Gaur in Rautahat district, resulting in the death of one protester. On January 21, 2016, government police clashed with ethnic Madhesi protesters in Gainiya and Rangeli in Morang district, resulting in the deaths of three individuals. On January 24, 2016, the Nepalese parliament approved a amendment to the constitution to address some of the opposition to the constitution. However, members of parliament representing the Madhesi community rejected the constitutional amendment and walked out of the chambers prior to the vote. The SLMM ended their blockade of highways in southern Nepal on February 8, 2016. More than 50 individuals were killed in the protests against the new constitution.
Post-Crisis Phase (February 9, 2016-present): On May 15, 2016, government police clashed with supporters of Madhesi and Janajati political parties in Kathmandu. On July 12, 2016, former prime minister Baburam Bhattarai announced the establishment of the New Force Nepal (Naya Shakti Nepal – NSN). Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli resigned on July 24, 2016. On August 4, 2016, Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) formed a coalition government as prime minister, including support from the Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist Center (CPN-MC), NC, and SLMM. On March 6, 2017, government security forces clashed with Madheshi protesters in Saptari district, resulting in the deaths of five protesters. On March 15, 2017, the SLMM withdrew its support for the coalition government headed by Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) and announced a boycott of upcoming local elections. On April 26, 2017, six Madheshi political parties unified to form the Rashtriya Janata Party Nepal (RJPN). Local elections were held on May 14, June 28, and September 18, 2017. The CPN-UML won 294 out of 753 locals races for mayor. On May 24, 2017, Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) submitted his resignation as head of the coalition government. On June 7, 2017, Sher Bahadur Deuba was sworn in as prime minister and head of the coalition government. Parliamentary elections were held on November 26 and December 7, 2017, and the CPN-UML won 121 out of 275 seats in the House of Representatives. The NC won 63 seats in the House of Representatives. The EU sent ten core team members, 38 long-term observers, and 44 short-term observers led by Željana Zovko of Croatia to monitor the parliamentary elections from October 25 to December 9, 2017. The ANFREL sent five short-term observers to monitor the elections from November 21 to December 10, 2017. The Atlanta-based NGO, The Carter Center, sent five core team experts, 14 long-term observers, and 50 short-term observers from 34 countries led by former Deputy Prime Minister Surakiart Sathirathai of Thailand and former U.S. Ambassador Peter Burleigh to monitor the parliamentary elections. Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli of the CPN-UML was appointed as prime minister on February 15, 2018. On May 17, 2018, the Nepal Communist Party (NCP) was established with the merger of the CPN-UML and the CPN-MC. At least four individuals were killed in bombings in Kathmandu on May 26, 2019. The RPP organized pro-monarchy demonstrations in Hetauda, Jhapa, and Kathmandu beginning on December 2, 2020. On December 20, 2020, President Bidya Devi Bhandari dissolved the House of Representatives following a recommendation by the government headed by Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli. Some 10,000 individuals demonstrated against the government in Kathmandu on December 29, 2020. On January 11, 2021, government police clashed with pro-monarchy protesters in Kathmandu. Some 25,000 individuals demonstrated against the government on January 22, 2021. On January 25, 2021, Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli was expelled from the NCP to protest his decision to dissolve the House of Representatives. On February 23, 2021, the Nepal Supreme Court reinstated the House of Representatives. On March 4, 2021, the government signed an agreement with a Maoist splinter group led by Netra Bikram Chand to abandon violence and participate in the political process in Nepal. Under the agreement, the government agreed to lift the ban on the group and to release more than 100 members of the group currently in prison. Following a decision by the Nepal Supreme Court regarding the name of the party, the NCP was dissolved on March 8, 2021. Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli lost a vote of confidence in the House of Representatives on May 10, 2021. Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli was re-appointed as prime minister on May 13, 2021. On May 22, 2021, President Bidya Devi Bhandari dissolved the House of Representatives for the second time in six months. The Nepal Supreme Court reinstated the House of Representatives on July 12, 2021, ruling that the dissolution of the House of Representatives was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court also ordered the appointment of Sher Bahdur Deuba of the NC as prime minister. President Bidya Devi Bhandari formally appointed Sher Bahdur Deuba as prime minister on July 13, 2021. Prime Minister Sher Bahdur Deuba won a vote of confidence by a 165-83 margin in the House of Representatives on July 18, 2021. Government police clashed with protesters in Kathmandu on February 16-20, 2022. The protests were organization in opposition to ratification of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Agreement, which was signed by the governments of Nepal and the U.S. in 2017. On February 27, 2022, the House of Representatives ratified the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Agreement, in which the U.S. government agreed to provide a $500 million grant to fund infrastructure projects in Nepal.
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18, 2013, November 19, 2013, November 21, 2013, November 26, 2013, November 28, 2013, February 10, 2014, January 22, 2015, February 28, 2015, April 7, 2015, June 9 2015, August 25, 2015, September 11, 2015, September 13, 2015, September 17, 2015, September 20, 2015, October 1, 2015, October 5, 2015, October 11, 2015, October 16, 2015, October 28, 2015, November 2, 2015, November 3, 2015, November 27, 2015, November 30, 2015, December 20, 2015, January 21, 2016, February 8, 2016, May 4, 2016, May 15, 2016, July 12, 2016, July 24, 2016, August 3, 2016, May 12, 2017, May 14, 2017, June 7, 2017, August 21, 2017, November 24, 2017, November 26, 2017, December 7, 2017, December 9, 2017, February 15, 2018, May 17, 2018, December 20, 2020, December 29, 2020, May 10, 2021, May 22, 2021, February 20, 2022; Washington Post, June 11, 1990, April 14, 2006, April 24, 2006, September 17, 2015, November 2, 2015, November 29, 2017, December 5, 2017, July 8, 2020, December 20, 2020; Xinhua News Agency 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