Pre-Crisis Phase (August 15, 1947-March 1, 1967): India formally achieved its independence from the United Kingdom on August 15, 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress (INC) was sworn in as prime minister on August 15, 1947. The Constituent Assembly adopted a new constitution on November 26, 1949, and the new constitution went into effect on January 26, 1950. India became the Republic of India on January 26, 1950, and Rajendra Prasad of the INC was elected president by the Constituent Assembly on January 26, 1950. Parliamentary elections were held between October 25, 1951 and February 21, 1952, and the INC won 364 out of 489 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The Communist Party of India (CPI) won 16 seats in the House of the People. Rajendra Prasad of the INC was elected president by the Electoral College on May 2, 1952, and he was sworn in as president on May 13, 1952. Parliamentary elections were held in 1957, and the INC won 371 out of 494 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The CPI won 27 seats in the House of the People. Rajendra Prasad of the INC was re-elected president by the Electoral College on May 6, 1957, and he was sworn in as president on May 13, 1957. Parliamentary elections were held in 1962, and the INC won 361 out of 494 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The CPI won 29 seats in the House of the People. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was elected president by the Electoral College on May 7, 1962, and he was sworn in as president on May 13, 1962. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru died on May 27, 1964, and Lal Bahadur Shastri of the INC formed a government as prime minister. Prime Minister Shastri died on January 11, 1966, and Indira Gandhi of the INC formed a government as prime minister.
Crisis Phase (March 2, 1967-April 22, 1969): Members of the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) led by Jangal Santhal and B. Viswakarma rebelled against the government in the town of Naxalbari in Darjeeling district in the state of West Bengal beginning on March 2, 1967. Parliamentary elections were held in 1967, and the INC won 283 out of 520 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP) won 44 seats in the House of the People. Zakir Hussain was elected president by the Electoral College, and he was sworn in as president on May 13, 1967. Government policemen and rebels clashed near Naxalbari in the state of West Bengal on May 24-25, 1967, resulting in the deaths of ten rebels and one government policeman. Jangal Santhal and B. Viswakarma, leaders of the rebellion, were arrested by government police on August 10, 1967. CPI-M dissidents headed by Kanu Sanyal established a new revolutionary communist party, the Naxalite Movement, on July 2, 1968. Kanu Sanyal was arrested and imprisoned on October 31, 1968. Kanu Sanyal was released from prison on April 9, 1969, and he established the Communist Party of India-Marxist Leninist (CPI-ML) on April 22, 1969. Some 500 individuals were killed during the crisis.
Post-Crisis Phase (April 23, 1969-June 25, 1975): President Zakir Hussain died on May 3, 1969. Varahagiri Venkata Giri was elected president by the Electoral College on August 16, 1969, and he was sworn in as president on August 24, 1969. President Varahagiri Venkata Giri dissolved the parliament (Lok Sabha) on December 27, 1970. Parliamentary elections were held on March 1-10, 1971, and the INC won 352 out of 545 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The National Democratic Front (NDF) won 51 seats in the House of the People. Some 55 individuals were killed in election-related violence on March 1-7, 1971. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed of the INC was elected president by the Electoral College on August 17, 1974, and he was sworn in as president on August 24, 1974. Government police and Naxalite rebels clashed in Bhojpur district in the state of Bihar on May 15, 1975, resulting in the deaths of seven individuals. Naxalite rebels killed one government policeman in Bhojpur district in the state of Bihar on May 21, 1975. Naxalite rebels attacked a police station in Guntur district on May 21, 1975, resulting in the death of one government policeman. Government police and Naxalite rebels clashed in the state of Bihar on June 2, 1975, resulting in the deaths of 17 rebels. The High Court issued on ruling on June 12, 1975, which declared that Prime Minister Gandhi’s election to the House of the People (Lok Sabha) was null and void. Some 1,200 individuals were killed in political violence between April 1969 and June 1975.
Crisis Phase (June 26, 1975-March 27, 1977): President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed proclaimed a state-of-emergency on June 26, 1975, resulting in the arrest of some 1,100 members of opposition political parties. The government banned the CPI-ML on July 4, 1975. Two Naxalites were executed in Hyderabad on December 1, 1975, and three Naxalites were sentenced to death in Trivandrum on January 24, 1976. Several amendments to the constitution went into effect on January 3, 1977. Parliamentary elections were held on March 16-20, 1977, and the coalition led by the Janata Party (JP) won 345 out of 545 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The INC won 153 seats in the House of the People. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi resigned on March 22, 1977, and Moraji Desai of the Janata coalition formed a government as prime minister on March 24, 1977. Prime Minister Desai lifted the state-of-emergency on March 27, 1977.
Post-Crisis Phase (March 28, 1977-April 21, 1980): Neelam Sanjiva Reddy of the JP was elected president by the Electoral College on July 18, 1977, and he was sworn in as president on July 25, 1977. Prime Minister Desai resigned on July 15, 1979, and Charan Singh of the JP formed a government as prime minister on July 28, 1979. Prime Minister Singh resigned on August 20, 1979. President Reddy dissolved the parliament, and appointed Charan Singh as interim prime minister on August 22, 1979. Parliamentary elections were held on January 3-6, 1980, and the coalition led by the INC won 374 out of 545 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The Janata Alliance (JA), including the JP, won 34 seats in the House of the People. Some 20 individuals were killed in election-related violence. Indira Gandhi of the INC formed a government as prime minister on January 14, 1980.
Crisis Phase (April 22, 1980-June 16, 2004): A faction of thee CPI-ML headed by Kondapalli Seetharamaiah established the People’s War Group (PWG) in the state of Andhra Pradesh on April 22, 1980. PWG rebels killed some 84 individuals in 1980. PWG rebels killed fourteen individuals in the state of Andhra Pradesh on April 20, 1981. PWG rebels killed some 92 individuals in 1981. Zail Singh of the INC was elected President by the Electoral College on July 12, 1982, and he was sworn in as president on July 25, 1982. Hindu tribesmen killed some 600 Muslims in the Bhagduba Habi region in the state of Assam on February 20, 1983. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two Sikh security personnel in New Delhi on October 31, 1984, and some 3,000 individuals were killed in violence in Delhi and other cities following the assassination. Rajiv Gandhi of the INC formed a government as prime minister on November 1, 1984. Parliamentary elections were held on December 24-28, 1984, and the INC won 404 out of 533 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won 30 seats in the House of the People. Ramaswamy Venkataraman of the INC was elected president by the Electoral College on July 16, 1987, and he was inaugurated as president on July 25, 1987. PWG rebels killed six government policemen in the state of Andhra Pradesh on July 29, 1987. The Janata Dal (JD) political party was established by Vishwanath Pratap Singh on October 11, 1988. PWG rebels killed seven government policemen in Adilabad district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on February 1, 1989. Parliamentary elections were held on November 22-26, 1989, and the INC won 197 out of 545 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The JD won 143 seats in the House of the People. V. P. Singh of the JD formed a coalition government as prime minister on December 2, 1989. In 1990, Chandra Shekhar broke away from the JD and established the Samajwadi Janata Party (SJP). Prime Minister V. P. Singh lost a vote of no-confidence in the House of the People on November 7, 1990, and Chandra Shekhar of the SJP formed a coalition government as prime minister on November 10, 1990. Prime Minister Shekhar resigned on March 6, 1991. Rajiv Gandhi, leader of the INC, and 15 other individuals were killed in a bombing in the state of Tamil Nadu on May 21, 1991. Parliamentary elections were held between May 20 and June 15, 1991, and the INC won 244 out of 545 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The Indian People’s Party (Bharatiya Janata Party – BJP) won 120 seats in the House of the People. P. V. Narasimha Rao of the INC formed a government as prime minister on June 21, 1991. PWG rebels killed ten government policemen in Gadchiroli district in the state of Maharashtra on November 10, 1991. The government of the state of Andhra Pradesh banned the PWG in May 1992. Shankar Dayal Sharma of the INC was elected president by the Electoral College on July 24, 1992, and he was sworn in as president on July 25, 1992. PWG rebels killed 13 government policemen in the state of Andhra Pradesh on September 24, 1992. PWG rebels killed nine government policemen in Mahboobnagar district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on November 14, 1993. PWG rebels killed ten government policemen in Bastar district in the state of Chhattisgarh on November 28, 1993. Parliamentary elections were held between April 27 and May 7, 1996, and the BJP won 161 out of 545 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The INC won 140 seats in the House of the People. Seventeen individuals were killed in political violence in Modinagar in Ghaziabad district in the state of Uttar Pradesh on April 27, 1996. Atal Bihari Vajpayee of the BJP was sworn in as prime minister on May 15, 1996, and he resigned after failing to form a coalition government on May 28, 1996. H. D. Deve Gowda of the JD formed a coalition government as prime minister on June 1, 1996. PWG rebels killed 84 individuals in Adilabad district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in November 1996, and killed 16 government policemen and two civilians in Khammam district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on January 10, 1997. Prime Minister Gowda announced his resignation on April 11, 1997, and Inder Kumar Gujral of the JD formed a government as prime minister on April 22, 1997. Kicheril Raman Narayanan of the INC was elected president by the Electoral College on July 17, 1997, and he was inaugurated as president on July 25, 1997. Parliamentary elections were held on February 16-28, 1998, and the BJP won 182 out of 545 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The INC won 141 seats in the House of the People. Some 40 individuals were killed in election-related violence on February 22-23, 1998. PWG rebels killed one government policeman in the state of Orissa on February 22, 1998. Atal Bihari Vaypayee of the BJP formed a government as prime minister on March 19, 1998. PWG rebels killed killed 16 government policemen near Raipur in the state of Madhya Pradesh on October 8, 1998. Prime Minister A. B. Vajpayee resigned after losing a vote of no-confidence in the House of the People on April 17, 1999. President K. R. Narayanan dissolved the parliament on April 26, 1999. Parliamentary elections were held between September 5 and October 3, 1999, and the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a coalition of Hindu nationalist groups including the BJP headed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, won 270 out of 545 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The INC won 114 seats in the House of the People. PWG rebels killed five government policemen in the state of Andhra Pradesh on September 13, 1999. PWG rebels killed 44 individuals in the state of Bihar on September 18, 1999. Supporters of the BJP and CPI-ML clashed in Kabirpur in Bhagalpur district in the state of Bihar on September 26, 1999, resulting in the deaths of four individuals. Government police and PWG rebels clashed in Karimnagar district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on December 2-3, 1999, resulting in the death of three rebels. PWG rebels killed six civilians in the state of Andhra Pradesh on December 16, 1999. PWG rebels killed two government policemen in Sirpur in the state of Chhattisgarh on January 11, 2000. PWG rebels clashed with government policemen in the town of Dharukonda in the state of Andhra Pradesh on February 19, 2000, resulting in the deaths of seven policemen and one rebel. Government police killed six PWG rebels in Gonda district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on April 26, 2000. Government police and PWG rebels clashed in Warangal district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on April 27, 2000, resulting in the deaths of ten rebels. PWG rebels killed 22 government policemen in Bastar district in the state of Chhattisgarh on February 20, 2001. PWG rebels killed four government policemen in East Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on April 19, 2001. Several rounds of local elections were held in the state of Bihar on April 11-30, 2001. Some 30 individuals were killed in election-related violence in the state of Bihar on April 11-15, 2001. Government police and PWG rebels clashed in Nalgonda district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on June 9, 2001, resulting in the deaths of five rebels and one civilian. Government police and PWG rebels clashed in Nalgonda district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on June 19, 2001, resulting in the deaths of eight rebels and one government policeman. PWG rebels killed ten government policemen in Guntur district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on August 20, 2001. PWG rebels killed three civilians and two government police in the state of Jharkhand on September 6, 2001. PWG rebels killed five government policemen in East Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on September 9, 2001. PWG rebels killed one individual in Puthkel in the state of Chhattisgarh on October 12, 2001. PWG rebels killed two government policemen and two civilians in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on October 17, 2001. PWG rebels killed six government policemen and one civilian in Patna district in the state of Bihar on October 19, 2001. PWG rebels killed five government policemen and one civilian in Gaya district in the state of Bihar on November 21, 2001. Islamic militants attacked the parliament building in New Delhi, India, resulting in the deaths of five militants, five government policemen, and two other individuals. Four PWG rebels were killed in Warangal district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on December 25, 2001. PWG rebels killed nine government policemen and two civilians in Gumla district in the state of Jharkhand on January 27, 2002. Muslims killed 58 Hindus in the town of Godhra in the state of Gujarat on February 27, 2002. Some 1,000 individuals, mostly Muslims, were killed in violence between Hindus and Muslims in Gujarat state between February 28 and April 1, 2002. Government police and PWG rebels clashed in Warangal district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on March 11, 2002, resulting in the deaths of 11 individuals. Four PWG rebels were killed in Palamu district in the state of Jharkhand on May 27, 2002. Government and PWG representatives began negotiations in Hyderabad in the state of Andhra Pradesh on June 5, 2002. Four PWG rebels were killed in Karimnagar district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on July 2, 2002. Government police and PWG rebels clashed in the state of Bihar on July 10, 2002. The government of the state of Andhra Pradesh extended the ban on the PWG on July 15, 2002. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was elected president by the Electoral College on July 18, 2002, and he was sworn in as president on July 25, 2002. PWG representatives withdrew from negotiations with the government of the state of Andhra Pradesh on July 19, 2002. Five PWG rebels were killed by government police in Warangal district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on July 26, 2002. Four PWG rebels were killed in the state of Bihar on August 2, 2002. PWG rebels killed seven government policemen in the state of Orissa, and PWG rebels killed three government policemen and one civilian in the state of Bihar on August 11, 2002. PWG rebels killed one government policeman in the state of Andhra Pradesh on August 27, 2002. PWG rebels killed three individuals in the state of Andhra Pradesh on September 17, 2002. Four PWG rebels were killed in the state of Bihar on September 23, 2002. Some 29 individuals were killed at the Akshardham Temple in Gandhinagar in the state of Gujarat on September 24, 2002. PWG rebels killed seven government policemen in the state of Jharkhand on October 9, 2002. PWG rebels killed three government policemen and one civilian in the state of Chhattisgarh on October 12, 2002. PWG rebels killed five government policemen in the state of Andhra Pradesh on October 14, 2002. PWG rebels killed three individuals in the state of Bihar on October 19, 2002. Government police and PWG rebels clashed in the state of Andhra Pradesh on November 17, 2002, resulting in the deaths of five rebels. PWG rebels killed 14 individuals in the state of Andhra Pradesh on November 19, 2002. Ten individuals, including four women, were killed in a train bombing at the Mulund railway station in Mumbai on March 13, 2003. Four individuals were killed in a bus bombing in Mumbai on July 28, 2003. PWG rebels killed ten government policemen in the state of Orissa on July 30, 2003. Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee survived a vote of no-confidence in the House of the People on August 19, 2003. Fifty-two individuals were killed in Islamic militant car bombings in Mumbai on August 25, 2003. PWG rebels killed ten government policemen and two civilians in the state of Bihar on September 8, 2003. Parliamentary elections were held between April 20 and May 10, 2004, and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), including the INC, won 215 out of 545 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The NDA, which included the BJP, won 181 seats in the House of the People. Manmohan Singh of the INC formed a coalition government as prime minister on May 22, 2004. The government and PWG agreed to a ceasefire on June 16, 2004. Some 6,000 individuals have been killed during the crisis.
Post-Crisis Phase (June 17, 2004-January 17, 2005): The government of the state of Andhra Pradesh lifted the ban on the PWG on July 21, 2004. The PWG merged with the Maoist Communist Center (India) to form the Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist) on September 21, 2004. Government and PWG representatives began negotiations on October 15, 2004. Maoist rebels ended negotiations with the government on January 17, 2005.
Crisis Phase (January 18, 2005-present): Government police and Maoist rebels clashed in Karimnagar district on January 20, 2005, resulting in the deaths of three Maoist rebels. Government police and Maoist rebels clashed in Nizamabad district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on March 7, 2005, resulting in the deaths of ten Maoist rebels. Maoist rebels killed seven individuals on March 11, 2005. Maoist rebels killed two government policemen in Achampeta in Mahabubnagar district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on April 1, 2005. Government police and Maoist rebels clashed in the state of Bihar on June 24, 2005, resulting in the deaths of 16 rebels, two government policemen, and two civilians. Government police killed four Maoist rebels in the districts of Warangal and West Godavari in the state of Andhra Pradesh on July 9, 2005. Maoist rebels killed two government policemen in Nalanda district in the state of Bihar on August 11, 2005. Twenty-four paramilitary policemen, members of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), were killed in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on September 3, 2005. Maoist rebels killed 13 individuals in the village of Bhelwa in Girdih district in the state of Jharkhand on September 12, 2005. Twelve paramilitary policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Chatra district in the state of Jharkhand on October 8, 2005. Sixty-two individuals were killed in Islamic military bombings in New Delhi on October 29, 2005. Maoist rebels killed two government policemen in Vishakapatnam in the state of Andhra Pradesh on December 1, 2005. Maoist rebels attacked a government-owned explosives warehouse in the state of Chhattisgarh on February 9-10, 2006, resulting in the deaths of eight government security personnel. Maoist rebels killed three villagers in the state of Chhattisgarh on February 15, 2006. Maoist rebels attacked two civilian trucks in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on February 28, 2006, resulting in the deaths of at least 25 individuals. Maoist rebels killed four villagers in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on March 6, 2006. At least two government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Rajnandgaon district in the state of Chhattisgarh on March 20, 2006. Thirteen civilians were killed in landmine explosions by Maoist rebels in Kanker district in the state of Chhattisgarh on March 25, 2006. Maoist rebels killed six individuals in Aurangabad district in the state of Bihar on April 25, 2006. Government policemen killed nine Maoist rebels in the Rayala Seema region of the state of Andhra Pradesh on April 28, 2006. Maoist rebels killed 13 villagers in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on April 29, 2006. Twelve individuals, including four women, were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in the state of Maharashtra on May 16, 2006. At least twelve government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in West Singhbhum district in the state of Jharkhand on June 1, 2006. Government policemen killed 13 Maoist rebels in the state of Chhattisgarh on June 8, 2006. Government policemen killed four Maoist rebels, including Ravi Kumar, in Prakasham district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on June 16, 2006. Maoist rebels killed seven villagers in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on June 19, 2006. More than 200 individuals were killed in Islamic militant train bombings in Mumbai on July 11, 2006. The Mumbai train bombings were condemned by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, Commonwealth of Nations (CON) Secretary-General Don McKinnon, President George W. Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice of the U.S., President Vladimir Putin of Russia, Prime Minister Tony Blair of Britain, President Jacques Chirac of France, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, Foreign Minister Peter Mackay of Canada, Prime Minister John Howard of Australia, President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan, and Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern of Ireland. Maoist rebels killed 26 villagers in the state of Chhattisgarh on July 17, 2006. Government policemen killed eight Maoist rebels, including rebel leader Burra Chinnaiah, in Prakashan district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on July 24, 2006. Fourteen government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels near the town of Bokaro in the state of Jharkhand on December 2, 2006. Four individuals were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on December 21, 2006. Government policemen killed Maoist leader Chandramouli and his wife in Visakhapatnam district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on December 27, 2006. Five government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on February 8, 2007. Sixty-eight individuals, mostly Pakistanis, were killed in a train bombing near Panipat in the state of Haryana on February 18, 2007. The training bombing was condemned by President Pervez Musharraf and Foreign Minister Khurshid Madmud Kasuri of Pakistan, Foreign Minister Peter Mackay of Canada, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the President of the UN Security Council, the British government, and President George W. Bush of the U.S. Eight individuals, including six government policemen, were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in the state of Chhattisgarh on March 1, 2007. Maoist rebels attacked government policemen in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on March 15, 2007, resulting in the deaths of 55 government policemen (including 39 members of a local militia) and at least five rebels. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on July 9-10, 2007, resulting in the deaths of at least 24 government policemen and 20 rebels. Pratibha Devisingh Patil of the INC was elected president by the Electoral College on July 19, 2007, and she was sworn in as president on July 25, 2007. Maoist rebels attacked a convoy of government policemen in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on August 29, 2007, resulting in the deaths of twelve government policemen. Seventeen individuals were killed by Maoist rebels in the state of Jharkhand on October 26, 2007. At least ten government policemen and two civilians were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on November 29, 2007. Maoist rebels attacked government police stations in Nayagarh district in the state of Orissa on February 15, 2008, resulting in the deaths of 13 government policemen and a one civilian. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in Bastar district in the state of Chhattisgarh on February 19, 2008. Maoist rebels killed eight villagers, members of the Shanti Sena (Peace Army), in Gumla district in the state of Jharkhand on April 8, 2008. Maoist rebels attacked a railway station in Jamui district in the state of Bihar on April 14, 2008, resulting in the deaths of five government policemen and one civilian. At least seventeen government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Mlakangiri district in the state of Orissa on July 16, 2008. Fifty-six individuals were killed in Islamic militant bombings in Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat on July 26, 2008. The bombings were condemned by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gillani of Pakistan, the Council of the EU, President Mahinda Rajapaksa of Sri Lanka, President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, and President Nicolas Sarkozy of France. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in Gaya district in the state of Bihar on August 22, 2008, resulting in the deaths of six government policemen, two rebels, and one civilian. Twelve government policemen were killed in landmine explosions by Maoist rebels in Burudih district in the state of Jharkhand on August 30, 2008. At least 30 individuals were killed in Islamic militant bombings in Delhi on September 13, 2008. Three individuals were killed in an explosion in Delhi on September 27, 2008. At least four government policemen were killed in landmine explosions by Maoist rebels in Bastar district in the state of Chhattisgarh on September 29, 2008. At least twelve government policemen were ambushed and killed by Maoist rebels in the state of Chhattisgarh on October 20, 2008. Three individuals were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in West Midnapore district in the state of West Bengal on October 22, 2008. Maoist rebels killed five government policemen in the town of Jagdalpur in the state of Chhattisgarh on November 25, 2008. Islamic militants attacked several targets, including the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, in Mumbai on November 28-29, 2008, resulting in the deaths of more than 150 individuals. Ajmal Kasab, one of the Islamic militants, was captured by government security forces. The Mumbai attacks were condemned by multiple foreign government officials, including U.S. President George W. Bush, President Dmitry Medvedev of Russia, Prime Minister Wen Jiabao of China, Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Foreign Minister David Miliband of Britain, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, Prime Minister Taro Aso of Japan, Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni of Israel, Foreign Minister Lawrence Cannon of Canada, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and Foreign Minister Simon Crean of Australia, President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani of Pakistan, and President Mahinda Rajapaksa of Sri Lanka. The Mumbai attacks were also condemned by NATO Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the Council of the European Union (EU), Commonwealth of Nations (CoN) Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma, and the EU Foreign Policy High Representative Javier Solana. Fifteen government policemen have been killed in a clash with Maoist rebels near the town of Nagpur in the state of Maharashtra on February 2, 2009. Maoist rebels killed ten government policemen in Nawada district in the state of Bihar on February 9, 2009. Maoist rebels attacked the Panchpatmali bauxite mine in Koraput district in the state of Orissa on April 12, 2009, resulting in the deaths of ten government policemen and four rebels. Parliamentary elections were held between April 16 and May 13, 2009, and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), including the INC, won 262 out of 543 seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The NDA, which included the BJP, won 159 seats in the House of the People. Eleven individuals, including two security personnel, were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on May 6, 2009. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels near the town of Nagpur in the state of Maharashtra on May 21, 2009, resulting in the deaths of 16 government policemen. Manmohan Singh of the INC was sworn in for a second term as prime minister on May 22, 2009. Ten government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in West Singhbhum district in the state of Jharkhand on June 10, 2009. Eleven government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Tongapal in Bastar district in the state of Chhattisgarh on June 21, 2009. Maoist rebels ambushed and killed 29 government policemen in Rajnandgaon district in the state of Chhattisgarh on July 12, 2009. Sixteen villagers were killed by Maoist rebels in the village of Icharwa in Khagaria district in the state of Bihar on October 2, 2009. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in Gadchiroli district in the state of Maharashtra on October 8, 2009, resulting in the deaths of 17 government policemen. Three individuals, including one government policeman, were killed by Maoist rebels in Mayurbhanj district in the state of Orissa on October 13, 2009. Government security forces launched Operation Green Hunt in several Indian states, including Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. At least three government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Malkangiri district in the state of Orissa on November 13, 2009. Three government policemen were killed in landmine explosions by Maoist rebels in Giridih district in the state of Jharkhand on December 2, 2009. Government policemen were ambushed by Maoist rebels in Koraput district in the state of Orissa on December 24, 2009, resulting in the deaths of one rebel and one government security personnel. Government policemen and paramilitary personnel launch an offensive against Maoist rebels in the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra on January 22, 2010. Maoist rebels attacked a government paramilitary camp in the village of Silda in West Midnapore district in the state of West Bengal on February 16, 2010, resulting in the deaths of 24 paramilitary personnel. Maoist rebels killed eleven villagers in Jamui district in the state of Bihar on February 18, 2010. Maoist rebels attacked a government police camp in Lalgarh in West Midnapore district in the state of West Bengal on February 23, 2010, resulting in the deaths of three rebels. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in Gajapati district in the state of Orissa on March 24, 2010, resulting in the deaths of three government policemen. Ten government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Koraput district in the state of Orissa on April 4, 2010. Maoist rebels ambushed and killed 76 government paramilitary personnel in Dantewade district in the state of Chhattisgarh on April 6, 2010. On May 3, 2010, Ajmal Kasab was convicted for his participation in the 2008 Mumbai attacks, and he was sentenced to death on May 6, 2010. Maoist rebels killed six villagers in Rajnandgaon in the state of Chhattisgarh on May 16, 2010. Maoist rebels attacked a bus in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on May 17, 2010, resulting in the deaths of more than 30 individuals. Four government paramilitary personnel were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in West Midnapore district in the state of West Bengal on May 19, 2010. More than 140 individuals were killed in a train sabotage incident in West Midnapore district in the state of West Bengal on May 28, 2010. Government policemen raided eight Maoist rebel camps in the Borahat jungles of West Singhbhum district in the state of Jharkhand on June 14, 2010, resulting in the deaths of ten rebels. Maoist rebels killed 26 government policemen, members of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), in the village of Dhodai in Narayanpur district in the state of Chhattisgarh on June 29, 2010. Two Maoist rebels, including rebel leader Cherukuri Rajkumar (“Azad”), were killed by government policemen in Adilabad district in the state of Andhra Pradesh on July 2, 2010. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on July 7, 2010, resulting in the deaths of four government policemen, two civilians, and six rebels. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in West Midnapore district in the state of West Bengal on July 26, 2010, resulting in the deaths of six rebels. Government police clashed with Maoist rebels in Dantewada district of the state of Chhattisgarh on August 4, 2010, resulting in the deaths of five rebels. Maoist rebels killed five government policemen in Kanker district in the state of Chhattisgarh on August 29, 2010. Government police clashed with Maoist rebels in Lakhisarai district of the state of Bihar on August 30, 2010, resulting in the deaths of ten government policemen. Seven individuals were killed in a bomb explosion by Maoist rebels in Aurangabad district in the state of Bihar on November 21, 2010. Government policemen killed nine Maoist rebels in Dantewada District in the state of Chhattisgarh on November 23, 2010. Maoist rebels killed seven villagers in Purulia district in the state of West Bengal on December 16, 2010. Government policemen and paramilitary personnel raided Maoist rebel camps in the state of Orissa on January 2, 2011, resulting in the deaths of five rebels. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in Latehar district in the state of Jharkhand on January 23, 2011, resulting in the deaths of nine rebels. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in East Champaran district in the state of Bihar on March 13, 2011, resulting in the deaths of six rebels. At least eleven government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Lohardaga district in the state of Jharkhand on May 3, 2011. Six civilians were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Gadchiroli district in the state of Maharashtra on May 5, 2011. Seven government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels near the town of Sukma in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on May 18, 2011. Maoist rebels killed ten government policemen in Gariaband district in the state of Chhattisgarh on May 23, 2011. Ten government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on June 10, 2011. Four government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh on June 26, 2011. Twenty-six individuals were killed in bombings in Mumbai on July 13, 2011. The Mumbai bombings were condemned by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the president of the UN Security Council, EU Foreign Policy High Representative Catherine Ashton, NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of the U.S., President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gillani of Pakistan, and Foreign Secretary William Hague of Britain. Maoist rebels blew up a bridge in Gariaband district in the state of Chhattisgarh on July 20, 2011, resulting in the deaths of four civilians. Seventeen individuals were killed in an Islamic militant bombing in Delhi on September 7, 2011. The Delhi bombing was condemned by several government and UN officials, including UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Prime Minister Julia Gillard of Australia, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh, Foreign Minister Koichiro Genba of Japan, President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani of Pakistan, and Foreign Secretary William Hague of the UK. Four government paramilitary personnel were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Bastar district in the state of Chhattisgarh on October 6, 2011. Four Maoist rebels, including rebel leader Koteshwar Rao, were killed by government policemen in West Midnapore district in the state of West Bengal on November 24, 2011. At least 15 government policemen, members of the Central Reserve Police Force, were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Gadchiroli district in the state of Maharashtra on March 27, 2012. Government security forces clashed with Maoist rebels in Latehar district in the state of Jharkhand on April 5, 2012, resulting in the deaths of one government soldier, two government policemen, and six rebels. Government policemen killed four Maoist rebels, including rebel commander Sanjeev, in Tinsukia district in the state of Assam on May 9, 2012. Government policemen killed 17 individuals, probably innocent villagers, in Bijapur district in the state of Chhattisgarh on June 28, 2012. Pranab Kumar Mukherjee of the INC was elected president by the Electoral College on July 22, 2012, and he was sworn in as president on July 25, 2012. Three government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in the districts of Dantewada and Bijapur in the state of Chhattisgarh on August 6, 2012. Ajmal Kasab, one of the militants involved in the 2008 Mumbai attacks, was executed at Yerwada Jail in Pune in the state of Maharashtra on November 21, 2012. Government paramilitary personnel clashed with Maoist rebels in Latehar district in the state of Jharkhand on January 7, 2013. Mohammed Afzal Guru, who was convicted and sentenced to death for his involvement in the 2001 attack on the parliament building in New Delhi, was executed at the Tihar Jail in Delhi on February 9, 2013. Seventeen individuals were killed in Islamic militant bombings in the city of Hyderabad on February 21, 2013. The Hyderabad bombings were condemned by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Foreign Minister Robert Carr of Australia, Secretary of State John Kerry of the U.S., President François Hollande of France, the foreign ministry of Turkey, and the foreign ministry of Pakistan. Six government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Gaya district in the state of Bihar on February 22, 2013. Government policemen and Maoist rebels clashed in Chatra district in the state of Jharkhand on March 27-28, 2013, resulting in the deaths of some 15 rebels. Government policemen clashed with Maoist rebels in Sukma district in the state of Chhattisgarh on April 16, 2013, resulting in the deaths of nine rebels. Maoist rebels attacked a convoy of vehicles carrying INC leaders in Sukma district in the state of Chhattisgarh on May 25, 2013, resulting in the deaths of 28 individuals. Maoist rebels attacked a passenger train in the state of Bihar on June 13, 2013, resulting in the deaths of a government policeman and two passengers. Maoist rebels ambushed and killed six government policemen in Pakur and Dumka districts in the state of Chhattisgarh on July 2, 2013. Maoist rebels ambushed and killed three government policemen in Gadchiroli district in the state of Maharashtra on October 17, 2013. Six individuals were killed in an Islamic militant attack on a political rally in the state of Bihar on October 27, 2013. Six government policemen were killed in a landmine explosion by Maoist rebels in Aurangabad district in the state of Bihar on December 3, 2013. Several thousand individuals, including at least 1,601 government policemen, 1,368 Maoist rebels, and 3,624 civilians were killed during the crisis between January 2005 and December 2012. Several thousand individuals have been displaced during the crisis.
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